Test 4- Stress And Adaptation

Front 1

_____ is a condition is which the human system responds to changes in its normal balance.

Back 1

Stress

Front 2

Stress is an experience that a person is exposed to thru ____ and a _____.

Back 2

experience and a stressor

Front 3

_____ stressors are adverse physical conditions (pain, heat, cold) andy psychological environments (poor work environment, bad relationship) that are stressful.

Back 3

External

Front 4

_____ stressors can be physical/psychological in nature. Physical would be things like infection, inflammation and illness. Psychological would be something that causes us to worry about an event that is going to happen.

Back 4

Internal

Front 5

There are two types of stress:

Back 5

-distress
-eustress

Front 6

_____ is damaging stress.

Back 6

Distress

Front 7

When a person sees something as extremely challenging and not good, it is known as _____.

Back 7

distress

Front 8

A stress that protects the health and is a motivating energy that causes us to get things done is called ______.

Back 8

eustress

Front 9

____ and ____ are motivating energy associated with eustress.

Back 9

Happiness and hopefulness

Front 10

The process in which one tries to maintain a balance- an attempt to cope with stress is called _____.

Back 10

adaptation

Front 11

Adaptation is an _____ process that is essential to the over-all-well-being of the person and gives them the ability to tolerate changing situations.

Back 11

on-going

Front 12

Clinical manifestations of stress include:

Back 12

-dilated pupils
-increased sweat (diaphoresis)
-↑HR and ↑Cardiac output
-pallid skin
-increased sodium and water retention causing increased blood volume
-rate and depth of respiration increase causing hyperventilation
-decreased urinary output
-dry mouth
-decreased peristalsis resulting in constipation or flatus
-mental alertness improves for serious threats
-increased muscle tension
-increased blood sugar

Front 13

____ is a physiologic response to stress that is a localized response of the body to stress, involving only a specific body part instead of the whole body.

Back 13

Local Adaptation Syndrome (LAS)

Front 14

Local Adaptation Syndrome is a ____ term adaptive response.

Back 14

short

Front 15

An example of local adaptation syndrome is _______.

Back 15

inflammation

Front 16

The Local Adaptation Syndrome has a ____ pain response and an ______ response.

Back 16

reflex
inflammatory

Front 17

The response of the CNS when pain is the stimulus is the ______.

Back 17

reflex pain response

Front 18

The reflex pain response is a _____ response.

Back 18

rapid/automatic

Front 19

The reflex pain response serves as a _____ to _____.

Back 19

protective mechanism to prevent injury

Front 20

The ______ is a localized response to injury/infection. It aids in localizing and preventing the spread of infection and promotes wound healing.

Back 20

inflammatory response

Front 21

The inflammatory response aids in localizing and preventing the _____ and promotes _____.

Back 21

-spread of infection
-wound healing

Front 22

An example of the reflex pain response is...

Back 22

when you automatically remove your hand from a hot stove.

Front 23

The _____ happens when there is histamine release, increased WBCs and tissue repair by regeneration.

Back 23

inflammatory response

Front 24

The ____ is a physiologic response to stress that is a biochemical model of stress that describes the body's general response to stress.

Back 24

general adaptation syndrome

Front 25

A biochemical model of stress that describes the body's general response to stress is called ______.

Back 25

general adaptation syndrome

Front 26

A more generalized response to stressors is the _____ syndrome.

Back 26

generalized adaptation

Front 27

General adaptation syndrome has 3 phases:

Back 27

-Alarm reaction
-Resistance
-Exhaustion

Front 28

During the ____ phase there is an immediate response to stress directed by the sympathetic division of the ANS and the body prepares to deal with the stressor.

Back 28

alarm reaction

Front 29

The dominant hormone in the Alarm reaction phase is _____.

Back 29

epinephrine

Front 30

The alarm reaction phase prepares the body for _____.

Back 30

fight or flight

Front 31

Characteristics of the alarm reaction phase are:

Back 31

-↑mental alertness
-↑blood flow to skeletal muscles
-↑HR, RR, BP
-↑glucose and h2O reabsorption
-↑ADH and Aldosterone
-↓urinary output

Front 32

With an extreme stressor the body will go beyond the alarm reaction phase to the _____.

Back 32

resistance phase

Front 33

The _____ is when the body stabilizes and responds in an opposite manor to the alarm reaction.

Back 33

resistance phase

Front 34

During the ____ phase, the hormone levels and vital signs go back to the normal state.

Back 34

resistance

Front 35

The resistance phase is when we are trying to _____.

Back 35

recover

Front 36

If we don't recover during the resistance phase, our body goes to the ____ phase.

Back 36

exhaustion

Front 37

Being in the ____ phase for a long period of time can cause unhealthy coping skills.

Back 37

exhaustion

Front 38

The ____ phase occurs when the body can no longer resist the effects of the stressor and when the energy necessary to maintain adaptation is depleted.

Back 38

exhaustion

Front 39

Manifestations of the exhaustion phase include:

Back 39

-increased physiological response as noted in the alarm reaction
-decreased energy levels
-possible death

Front 40

Being in the exhaustion phase for long periods of time can cause ______.

Back 40

unhealthy coping skills

Front 41

______ is a vague sense of impending doom or apprehension that appears to have no reason.

Back 41

Anxiety

Front 42

There are 4 levels of anxiety:

Back 42

-mild
-moderate
-severe
-panic

Front 43

Sometimes ____ are identifiable, unexpected, situational and situationally predisposed.

Back 43

panic attacks

Front 44

____ anxiety is characterized by increased questioning, mild restlessness/sleeplessness, increased arousal and alertness, and no respiratory or other changes.

Back 44

Mild

Front 45

____ anxiety is characterized by difficult to understand communication, increased motor activity and inability to relax, fearful facial expression, inability to focus or concentrate, easily distracted, severely impaired learning, tachycardia, hyperventilation, headache, dizziness, and nausea.

Back 45

Severe

Front 46

_____ is the anxiety level characterized by not understandable communication, increased motor activity, agitation, unpredictable responses, trembling, poor motor coordination, perception distorted or exaggerated, , unable to learn or function, dyspnea, palpitations, choking, chest pain, pressure, feeling of impending doom, and sweating.

Back 46

Panic

Front 47

____ anxiety is indicated by voice tremors, pitch changes, facial twitches, shakiness, increased muscle tension, narrowed focus of attention, selectively inattentive, slightly impaired learning, slightly increased respiratory and heart rates, and mild gastric symptoms (butterflies in stomach).

Back 47

Moderate

Front 48

Ways to reduce client stress include:

Back 48

-include client in plan of care
-provide atmosphere of warmth and trust combined with use of therapeutic touch and attentive listening
-promote feeling of safety and security
-minimize additional stressors
-help with recognition of stressors
-help facilitate effective coping mechanisms

Front 49

Things you can teach clients as interventions for anxiety are:

Back 49

-time management
-exercise
-sleep
-nutrition
-guided imagery
-music therapy, journal writing
-spiritual support
-antianxiety meds

Front 50

Common responses to stress are:

Back 50

-fear
-anger
-depression

Front 51

The source of ____ may not be identifiable and is more related to the future.

Back 51

anxiety

Front 52

____ is an intense feeling of dread related to an identifiable source that the person can verify. It is related to the present.

Back 52

Fear

Front 53

_____ is an emotional state consisting of a subjective feeling of animosity or strong displeasure. It is the way we express our displeasure.

Back 53

Anger

Front 54

Anger is a ____ expression of what I am feeling allowing me to deal with the problem. It can be beneficial or if the person becomes hostile it can be destructive.

Back 54

verbal

Front 55

_____ is an extreme feeling of sadness, despair, or lack of worth- emptiness; it is often seen as irritable, tiredness, unable to concentrate, indecisive, socially withdrawn, crying, sleep disturbances, and the person feels overwhelmed with stressors.

Back 55

Depression

Front 56

A person's response to stressors begins with _____.

Back 56

cognitive appraisal

Front 57

Cognitive appraisal is how people interpret the impact of the ___ on ____.

Back 57

stressor on themselves

Front 58

_____ cognitive appraisal is an appraisal of the event or circumstance that is ongoing.

Back 58

Primary

Front 59

If the primary appraisal results in me identifying that something has harmed me or is threatening me then I will experience _____.

Back 59

stress

Front 60

If stress is present after the primary appraisal, then the secondary appraisal focuses the person on...

Back 60

what am I going to do about it.

Front 61

Factors influencing the response to stressors are:

Back 61

-intensity
-duration
-number and nature of other stressors
-predictability
-level of personal control
-availability of social supports
-feelings of competence

Front 62

_____ are a condition in which a psychological state contributes to the development of a physical illness. For example the connection between stress and heart disease.

Back 62

Psychosomatic disorder

Front 63

Type ____ people are more vulnerable to stress.

Back 63

A

Front 64

During the nursing history/interview the nurse should determine the following:

Back 64

-client-perceived stressors or stressful incidents
-manifestations of stress
-psychosomatic disorders
-past and present coping strategies
-developmental transitions

Front 65

______ are behaviors that are used to decrease stress and anxiety. They are usually an unconscious process.

Back 65

Coping mechanisms

Front 66

_____ are unconscious reactions used to protect the self or one's self esteem. These are used in mild to moderate anxiety.

Back 66

Defense mechanisms

Front 67

_____ is an attempt to screen or ignore unacceptable realities by refusing to acknowledge them.

Back 67

Denial

Front 68

_____ is the transferring or discharging of emotional reactions from one object to another object or person.

Back 68

Displacement

Front 69

_______ is justification of certain behaviors by faulty logic and ascribing motives that are socially acceptable but did not in fact inspire the behavior.

Back 69

Rationalization

Front 70

_____ is resorting to an earlier, more comfortable level of functioning that is characteristically less demanding and responsible.

Back 70

Regression

Front 71

_____ is an unconscious mechanism by which threatening thoughts, feelings, and desires are kept from becoming conscious; the represented material is denied entry into consciousness.

Back 71

Repression

Front 72

A husband and wife are fighting and the husband becomes so angry he hits a door instead of his wife. This is an example of ______.

Back 72

displacement

Front 73

A teenager, seeing his best friend killed in a car wreck, becomes amnesic about the circumstances surrounding the crash. This is an example of ______.

Back 73

repression

Front 74

A woman is told her father has metastatic cancer but continues to plan a family reunion 18 months in advance. This is an example of ______.

Back 74

denial

Front 75

An adult throws a temper tantrum when de doesn't get his way. This is an example of _____.

Back 75

regression

Front 76

A mother spanks her toddler too hard but says it was ok because he couldn't feel it through the diapers anyway. This is an example of _____.

Back 76

rationalization

Front 77

_____ allows for feeling to be expressed thru or to less dangerous objects or people.

Back 77

Displacement

Front 78

_____ allows a person to return to a point in development when nurturing and dependency were needed and accepted with comfort.

Back 78

Regression

Front 79

_____ temporarily isolates a person from the full impact of a traumatic situation.

Back 79

Denial

Front 80

_____ helps a person cope with the inability to meet goals or certain standards.

Back 80

Rationalization

Front 81

_______ protects a person from a traumatic experience until they have the resources to cope.

Back 81

Repression

Front 82

_____ is a nursing diagnosis for clients having trouble figuring out what to do with the problem.

Back 82

Ineffective coping

Front 83

A _____ is an upset in a balanced and stable state.

Back 83

crisis

Front 84

An acute, time-limited state of disequilibrium resulting from developmental, situational, or societal stress is a _____.

Back 84

crisis

Front 85

A crisis occurs when coping or defense mechanisms have not been _____.

Back 85

effective

Front 86

A crisis is characterized by the person having

Back 86

high anxiety levels, disorganized behaviors, and decreased ability to adequately function.

Front 87

A crisis usually occurs secondary to unusual or threatening situations that demand a decrease in _____.

Back 87

stressors

Front 88

The main focus of crisis intervention is

Back 88

solving the immediate problem

Front 89

During crisis intervention, the nurse should work with the client to determine...

Back 89

what the problem is, what the causes were and what we want to see as a result.

Front 90

The nurse should also assess the healthcare giver for:

Back 90

-assistance available to them
-knowledge of clients illness
-available resources
-other responsibilities
-S/Sx of stress/anxiety
-coping mechanisms

Front 91

____ is a nursing diagnosis for difficulty in performing caregiver role.

Back 91

Caregiver role strain

Front 92

Interventions for caregiver role strain include:

Back 92

-provide info./arrange respite care
-encourage caregiver to discuss feelings, concerns, and fears
-provide caregiver with education regarding care receiver's health issue

Front 93

_____ occurs as a result of chronic stress. It is a syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization of others, and perceptions of reduced personal accomplishment, resulting from intense involvement with people in a care-giving community.

Back 93

Burnout

Front 94

Results of burnout are:

Back 94

-slack nurse
-drug/alcohol abuse
-leave the nursing profession