Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the immune system?
|
1. block entry
2. neutralize 3. destroy pathogens |
|
Define: immunity
|
"to be safe"
|
|
Define: pathogen
|
viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa
|
|
Define: antigen
|
foreign molecule that the immune system recognizes
|
|
Define: antibody
|
highly specific immune responses to antigens
|
|
What are some common antigens (and what do they cause)?
|
1. extracellular bacteria (pneumonia and tetanus)
2. intracellular bacteria (leprosy and tuberculosis) 3. intracellular organisms (viruses flu and cold) 4. parasitic worms (helminthes) 5. abnormal or infected body cells |
|
Describe: Nonspecific (innate) immune responses
|
1. physical barriers
2. antimicrobial proteins 3. surface secretions 4. nonspecific immune cells 5. complement proteins 6. inflammatory response 7. cytokines |
|
What are some nonspecific immune cells?
|
1. phagocytes
2. natural cells |
|
What are some cytokines?
|
1. interferons
2. tumor necrosis factor (TNF) |
|
Describe: physical barriers
|
skin, mucous lining of respiratory and digestive tracts
|
|
Describe: antimicrobial proteins
|
produced by epithelial membranes
|
|
Describe: surface secretions
|
1. pH in stomach
2. acidic secretions onto surface of skin 3. tears, mucous, tears and saliva |
|
Describe: cytokines
|
1. interferons
2. tumor necrosis factor (TNF) 3. secreted by non-immune cells and immune cells |
|
Describe: interferons
|
1. inhibit viral replication
2. activate NK (natural killers) |
|
Describe: TNFs
|
1. tumor necrosis factor
2. promote tumor death 3. initiates inflammatory response |
|
Describe: interleukins
|
1. regulates interactions between lymph and others
2. mediates inflammatory response |
|
Describe: chemokines
|
attract, activate and direct movement of certain immune system cells
|
|
Describe: complement proteins
|
1. enhance inflammatory response
2. activated against many antigens, and have nonspecific responses like lyse (cell death) pathogens, coat pathogens so macrophages can engulf easier 3. attract WBC to infection site (chemotaxis) 4. bind to specific receptors and stimulate specific actions |
|
Describe: inflammatory response
|
1. begins immediately after a pathogen invasion or injury
2. clinical characteristics: heat, redness, edema 3. three main processes: vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, increase phagocytes |
|
Describe: inflammatory response process
|
1. pathogens invade
2. activate plasma cells, mast cells, and macrophages 3. causes vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, and phagocyte accumulation 4. phagocytes attract more phagocytes and release TNF (which causes fever) 4. vasodilation increases blood flow; this increases temperature and redness, attracts phagocytes, nutrients and antibodies 5. increase in capillary permeability allows antibodies to pass to inflamed area and edema (causes the pain) |
|
Types of specific (adaptive, induced) immunity
|
1. active
2. passive |
|
Describe active immunity?
|
1. two types: natural and passive
2. lasts many years 3. immunity that develops following exposure to antigens 4. develop memory cells |
|
Describe passive immunity?
|
1. two types: natural and passive
2. lasts a few months 3. physics inject people with antibodies actively produced by another |
|
Describe: active natural immunity
|
1. sneezing
2. develops after pathogens enter body through natural encounters |
|
Describe: active induced immunity
|
1. immunization
2. vaccine |
|
Describe: passive natural immunity
|
1. transfer of antibodies from mother to baby
|
|
Describe: passive induced immunity
|
1. injection with gamma globulin
2. don't develop memory cells |
|
Describe: immune system and components
|
1. defends and protects the body from disease-causing pathogens and toxins
2. a collection of many types of cells and tissues scattered in the body |
|
Describe: lymphatic capillaries
|
1. defensive functions: neutralize and destroy
2. living and nonliving components 3. flapper valves |
|
Describe: primary lymphatic organs
|
1. bone marrow and thymus
2. cite of cell development and immunocompetence |
|
Describe: secondary lympathic organs
|
1. spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, payer's patches
2. lymphocytes, contact with antigen to respiratory |
|
Describe: immunocompetence
|
1. successful immune response requires recognition of foreign organisms and substances through T and B cells
2. genetic rearrangement - provides ability to recognize a large number of different organisms and antigens 3. MCH I & II |
|
Describe: MCH I
|
1. found on surface of all cells
2. recognize only by T cells |
|
Describe: MCH II
|
1. surface of B cells, cytotoxic T cells and macrophages; helper T cells
2. helper T cells enhance activities of immune cells |
|
Describe: mounting an immune response
|
1. activation of T or B cells
2. clonal expansion 3. cell mediated immunity (T cells) 4. antigen presenting cells (ANP) 5. T cell subpopulations 6. Viral infection 7. B cells 8. Bacterial infection 9. B cells respond to circulation antigens or antigens presented to them |
|
Describe: clonal expansion
|
gives rise to subset of T or B cells according to original cell selected
|
|
Describe: cell mediated immunity (T cells)
|
1. defend against abnormal cells and intracellular pathways
2. regulate presenting of foreign materials by antigen presenting cells (APC) or by infected body cells |
|
Describe: types of APC
|
1. macrophages
2. dendritic cells 3. micoglial cells 4. activated B cells |
|
Describe: APC
|
1. process antigen
2. complex it with MCH II 3. present on the MCH II- antigen complex on its surface |
|
Describe: type of T cells
|
1. naive (resident)
2. cytotoxic T (killer) 3. helper T (mediators) 4. suppressor T 5. memory T |
|
Describe: cytotoxic T cells
|
1. destroy cells presenting MCH I and antigen
|
|
Describe: suppressor T cells
|
1. secrete factors that turn off immune response
|
|
Describe: endocytic pathway
|
macrophage presenting antigen fragments following endocytosis and intracellular processing
|
|
Describe: cytosolic pathway
|
1. virus infected cell presenting antigen and directly stimulating cytoxic T-cells
|
|
Describe: B cells
|
1. humoral immunity
2. naive cells 3. plasma cells 4. memory cells |
|
Describe: functions of B cells
|
1. respond to soluable materials
2. defend against antigens in body fluids 3. antibodies on surface 4. respond to circulating antigens or antigens presented by T cells (antibody production follows) |
|
Describe: types of antibodies
|
1. IgA
2. IgD 3. IgE 4. IgG 5. IgM |
|
Describe: IgM
|
1. first antibody produced
2. makes an immune response 3. activates complement system 4. macrophage interaction |
|
Describe: IgA
|
1. dimer secretion
2. present in mucus, tears, saliva, breast milk |
|
Describe: IgD
|
1. surface of B cells
2. low concentration in plasma 3. important immunoglobin on B cell surface |
|
Describe: IgE
|
1. histamine release
2. lowest concentration in plasma 3. binds to masts cells 4. contain potent signalling molecules (histamine) |
|
Describe: IgG
|
1. protects fetus/newborn
2. activates complement system 3. macrophage interaction |
|
Describe: immunologic memory - primary response
|
medium response rate of antibody concentration
|
|
Describe: immunologic memory - secondary response
|
much faster response rate of antibody concentration
|
|
Describe: difference between passively administered an actively produced antibodies
|
passively administered antibodies eventually clear from the system.
2. actively administered immunity, antibodies stay in system at low levels |