Test 4: Immune System

Front 1

What is the immune system?

Back 1

1. block entry
2. neutralize
3. destroy

pathogens

Front 2

Define: immunity

Back 2

"to be safe"

Front 3

Define: pathogen

Back 3

viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa

Front 4

Define: antigen

Back 4

foreign molecule that the immune system recognizes

Front 5

Define: antibody

Back 5

highly specific immune responses to antigens

Front 6

What are some common antigens (and what do they cause)?

Back 6

1. extracellular bacteria (pneumonia and tetanus)
2. intracellular bacteria (leprosy and tuberculosis)
3. intracellular organisms (viruses flu and cold)
4. parasitic worms (helminthes)
5. abnormal or infected body cells

Front 7

Describe: Nonspecific (innate) immune responses

Back 7

1. physical barriers
2. antimicrobial proteins
3. surface secretions
4. nonspecific immune cells
5. complement proteins
6. inflammatory response
7. cytokines

Front 8

What are some nonspecific immune cells?

Back 8

1. phagocytes
2. natural cells

Front 9

What are some cytokines?

Back 9

1. interferons
2. tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

Front 10

Describe: physical barriers

Back 10

skin, mucous lining of respiratory and digestive tracts

Front 11

Describe: antimicrobial proteins

Back 11

produced by epithelial membranes

Front 12

Describe: surface secretions

Back 12

1. pH in stomach
2. acidic secretions onto surface of skin
3. tears, mucous, tears and saliva

Front 13

Describe: cytokines

Back 13

1. interferons
2. tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
3. secreted by non-immune cells and immune cells

Front 14

Describe: interferons

Back 14

1. inhibit viral replication
2. activate NK (natural killers)

Front 15

Describe: TNFs

Back 15

1. tumor necrosis factor
2. promote tumor death
3. initiates inflammatory response

Front 16

Describe: interleukins

Back 16

1. regulates interactions between lymph and others
2. mediates inflammatory response

Front 17

Describe: chemokines

Back 17

attract, activate and direct movement of certain immune system cells

Front 18

Describe: complement proteins

Back 18

1. enhance inflammatory response
2. activated against many antigens, and have nonspecific responses like lyse (cell death) pathogens, coat pathogens so macrophages can engulf easier
3. attract WBC to infection site (chemotaxis)
4. bind to specific receptors and stimulate specific actions

Front 19

Describe: inflammatory response

Back 19

1. begins immediately after a pathogen invasion or injury
2. clinical characteristics: heat, redness, edema
3. three main processes: vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, increase phagocytes

Front 20

Describe: inflammatory response process

Back 20

1. pathogens invade
2. activate plasma cells, mast cells, and macrophages
3. causes vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, and phagocyte accumulation
4. phagocytes attract more phagocytes and release TNF (which causes fever)
4. vasodilation increases blood flow; this increases temperature and redness, attracts phagocytes, nutrients and antibodies
5. increase in capillary permeability allows antibodies to pass to inflamed area and edema (causes the pain)

Front 21

Types of specific (adaptive, induced) immunity

Back 21

1. active
2. passive

Front 22

Describe active immunity?

Back 22

1. two types: natural and passive
2. lasts many years
3. immunity that develops following exposure to antigens
4. develop memory cells

Front 23

Describe passive immunity?

Back 23

1. two types: natural and passive
2. lasts a few months
3. physics inject people with antibodies actively produced by another

Front 24

Describe: active natural immunity

Back 24

1. sneezing
2. develops after pathogens enter body through natural encounters

Front 25

Describe: active induced immunity

Back 25

1. immunization
2. vaccine

Front 26

Describe: passive natural immunity

Back 26

1. transfer of antibodies from mother to baby

Front 27

Describe: passive induced immunity

Back 27

1. injection with gamma globulin
2. don't develop memory cells

Front 28

Describe: immune system and components

Back 28

1. defends and protects the body from disease-causing pathogens and toxins
2. a collection of many types of cells and tissues scattered in the body

Front 29

Describe: lymphatic capillaries

Back 29

1. defensive functions: neutralize and destroy
2. living and nonliving components
3. flapper valves

Front 30

Describe: primary lymphatic organs

Back 30

1. bone marrow and thymus
2. cite of cell development and immunocompetence

Front 31

Describe: secondary lympathic organs

Back 31

1. spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, payer's patches
2. lymphocytes, contact with antigen to respiratory

Front 32

Describe: immunocompetence

Back 32

1. successful immune response requires recognition of foreign organisms and substances through T and B cells
2. genetic rearrangement - provides ability to recognize a large number of different organisms and antigens
3. MCH I & II

Front 33

Describe: MCH I

Back 33

1. found on surface of all cells
2. recognize only by T cells

Front 34

Describe: MCH II

Back 34

1. surface of B cells, cytotoxic T cells and macrophages; helper T cells
2. helper T cells enhance activities of immune cells

Front 35

Describe: mounting an immune response

Back 35

1. activation of T or B cells
2. clonal expansion
3. cell mediated immunity (T cells)
4. antigen presenting cells (ANP)
5. T cell subpopulations
6. Viral infection
7. B cells
8. Bacterial infection
9. B cells respond to circulation antigens or antigens presented to them

Front 36

Describe: clonal expansion

Back 36

gives rise to subset of T or B cells according to original cell selected

Front 37

Describe: cell mediated immunity (T cells)

Back 37

1. defend against abnormal cells and intracellular pathways
2. regulate presenting of foreign materials by antigen presenting cells (APC) or by infected body cells

Front 38

Describe: types of APC

Back 38

1. macrophages
2. dendritic cells
3. micoglial cells
4. activated B cells

Front 39

Describe: APC

Back 39

1. process antigen
2. complex it with MCH II
3. present on the MCH II- antigen complex on its surface

Front 40

Describe: type of T cells

Back 40

1. naive (resident)
2. cytotoxic T (killer)
3. helper T (mediators)
4. suppressor T
5. memory T

Front 41

Describe: cytotoxic T cells

Back 41

1. destroy cells presenting MCH I and antigen

Front 42

Describe: suppressor T cells

Back 42

1. secrete factors that turn off immune response

Front 43

Describe: endocytic pathway

Back 43

macrophage presenting antigen fragments following endocytosis and intracellular processing

Front 44

Describe: cytosolic pathway

Back 44

1. virus infected cell presenting antigen and directly stimulating cytoxic T-cells

Front 45

Describe: B cells

Back 45

1. humoral immunity
2. naive cells
3. plasma cells
4. memory cells

Front 46

Describe: functions of B cells

Back 46

1. respond to soluable materials
2. defend against antigens in body fluids
3. antibodies on surface
4. respond to circulating antigens or antigens presented by T cells (antibody production follows)

Front 47

Describe: types of antibodies

Back 47

1. IgA
2. IgD
3. IgE
4. IgG
5. IgM

Front 48

Describe: IgM

Back 48

1. first antibody produced
2. makes an immune response
3. activates complement system
4. macrophage interaction

Front 49

Describe: IgA

Back 49

1. dimer secretion
2. present in mucus, tears, saliva, breast milk

Front 50

Describe: IgD

Back 50

1. surface of B cells
2. low concentration in plasma
3. important immunoglobin on B cell surface

Front 51

Describe: IgE

Back 51

1. histamine release
2. lowest concentration in plasma
3. binds to masts cells
4. contain potent signalling molecules (histamine)

Front 52

Describe: IgG

Back 52

1. protects fetus/newborn
2. activates complement system
3. macrophage interaction

Front 53

Describe: immunologic memory - primary response

Back 53

medium response rate of antibody concentration

Front 54

Describe: immunologic memory - secondary response

Back 54

much faster response rate of antibody concentration

Front 55

Describe: difference between passively administered an actively produced antibodies

Back 55

passively administered antibodies eventually clear from the system.
2. actively administered immunity, antibodies stay in system at low levels