Test 4 Final 2

Front 1

30) Fluid is filtered out of the bloodstream into the surrounding interstitial fluid at the arteriole end of systemic capillaries because

A) the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than that of the blood.
B) the hydrostatic pressure of the blood is less than that of the interstitial fluid.
C) the hydrostatic pressure of the blood is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood.
D) the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the blood.
E) the osmotic pressure of the blood is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid.

Back 1

C) the hydrostatic pressure of the blood is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood.

Front 2

32) What will be the long-term effect of blocking the lymphatic vessels associated with a capillary bed?

A) more fluid entering the venous capillaries
B) an increase in the blood pressure in the capillary bed
C) the accumulation of more fluid in the interstitial areas
D) fewer proteins leaking out of the blood to enter the interstitial fluid
E) the area of the blockage becoming abnormally small

Back 2

C) the accumulation of more fluid in the interstitial areas

Front 3

35) Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the

A) loss of osmotic pressure in the capillaries.
B) development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls.
C) loss of fluid from capillaries.
D) increased diffusion of CO2.
E) increased diffusion of Hb.

Back 3

B) development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls.

Front 4

42) The plasma proteins in humans

A) maintain the blood's osmotic pressure.
B) transport water-soluble lipids.
C) carry out gas exchange.
D) undergo aerobic metabolism.
E) transport oxygen

Back 4

A) maintain the blood's osmotic pressure.

Front 5

44) Heart rate will increase in the presence of increased
A) low-density lipoproteins.
B) immunoglobulins.
C) erythropoietin.
D) epinephrine.
E) platelets.

Back 5

D) epinephrine.

Front 6

45) The production of red blood cells is stimulated by

A) low-density lipoproteins.
B) immunoglobulins.
C) erythropoietin.
D) epinephrine.
E) platelets.

Back 6

C) erythropoietin.

Front 7

55) Countercurrent exchange is evident in

A) the flow of water across the gills of a fish and that of blood within those gills.
B) the flow of blood in the dorsal vessel of an insect and that of air within its tracheae.
C) the flow of air within the primary bronchi of a human and that of blood within the pulmonary veins.
D) the flow of water across the skin of a frog and that of blood within the ventricle of its heart.
E) the flow of fluid out of the arterial end of a capillary and that of fluid back into the venous end of the same capillary.

Back 7

A) the flow of water across the gills of a fish and that of blood within those gills.

Front 8

56) Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize
A) endocytosis.
B) blood pressure.
C) diffusion.
D) active transport.
E) osmosis.

Back 8

C) diffusion.

Front 9

63) The exhalation of air from human lungs is driven by

A) a decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity.
B) a decrease in the residual volume of the lungs.
C) the contraction of the diaphragm.
D) the closure of the epiglottis.
E) the expansion of the rib cage.

Back 9

A) a decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity.

Front 10

65) A person with a tidal volume of 450 mL, a vital capacity of 4,000 mL, and a residual volume of 1,000 mL would have a potential total lung capacity of
A) 1,450 mL.
B) 4,000 mL.
C) 4,450 mL.
D) 5,000 mL.
E) 5,450 mL.

Back 10

D) 5,000 mL.

Front 11

67) Breathing is usually regulated by
A) erythropoietin levels in the blood.
B) the concentration of red blood cells.
C) hemoglobin levels in the blood.
D) CO2 and O2 concentration and pH-level sensors.
E) the lungs and the larynx

Back 11

D) CO2 and O2 concentration and pH-level sensors.

Front 12

71) Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid affect its pH. This enables the organism to sense a disturbance in gas levels as

A) the brain directly measures and monitors carbon dioxide and causes breathing changes accordingly.
B) the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing.
C) the brain alters the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid to force the animal to retain more or less carbon dioxide.
D) stretch receptors in the lungs cause the medulla oblongata to speed up or slow breathing.
E) the medulla oblongata is able to control the concentration of bicarbonate ions in the blood.

Back 12

B) the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing.

Front 13

72) An increase from pH 7.2 to pH 7.4 around hemoglobin causes
A) hemoglobin to release all bound oxygen molecules.
B) an increase in the affinity of hemoglobin to bind oxygen molecules.
C) hemoglobin to denature.
D) an increase in the binding of H+ by hemoglobin.
E) hemoglobin to more readily give up its oxygen molecules.

Back 13

B) an increase in the affinity of hemoglobin to bind oxygen molecules.

Front 14

73) An "internal reservoir" of oxygen in rested muscle is found in oxygen molecules bound to
A) hemoglobin.
B) bicarbonate ions.
C) carbonic acid.
D) actin and myosin.
E) myoglobin.

Back 14

E) myoglobin.

Front 15

78) The hemocyanin of arthropods and molluscs differ from the hemoglobin of mammals in that
A) the oxygen dissociation curve for hemocyanin is linear.
B) hemocyanin carries appreciably more carbon dioxide.
C) hemocyanin has protein coupled to copper rather than iron.
D) the protein of hemocyanin is not bound to metal.
E) hemocyanin includes cyanic acid.

Back 15

C) hemocyanin has protein coupled to copper rather than iron.

Front 16

79) In an animal species known for endurance running rather than fast sprinting, you would expect to find
A) a slower rate of oxygen consumption so that its breathing will not have to be accelerated.
B) an increase of storage of oxygen in myoglobin of its muscles.
C) a relatively slow heart rate in order to lower oxygen consumption.
D) a lower pressure of oxygen in the alveoli.
E) a much higher rate of oxygen consumption for its size.

Back 16

E) a much higher rate of oxygen consumption for its size.

Front 17

80) For this unusual capillary bed,
A) the pH is lower on the arterial side than on the venous side.
B) oxygen is taken up by the erythrocytes within the capillaries.
C) the osmotic pressure remains constant due to carbon dioxide compensation.
D) the hydrostatic pressure declines from the arterial side to the venous side because oxygen is lost.
E) fluids will leave the capillaries on the arterial side of the bed and re-enter on the venous side.

Back 17

E) fluids will leave the capillaries on the arterial side of the bed and re-enter on the venous side.

Front 18

81) An anthropologist discovers the fossilized heart of an extinct animal. The evidence indicates that the organism's heart was large, well-formed, and had four chambers, with no connection between the right and left sides. A reasonable conclusion supported by these observations is that the
A) animal had evolved from birds.
B) animal was endothermic and had a high metabolic rate.
C) animal was most closely related to alligators and crocodiles.
D) animal was likely an invertebrate animal.
E) species had little to no need to regulate blood pressure.

Back 18

B) animal was endothermic and had a high metabolic rate.

Front 19

83) Which of the following respiratory systems is not closely associated with a blood supply?
A) the lungs of a vertebrate
B) the gills of a fish
C) the tracheal system of an insect
D) the skin of an earthworm
E) the parapodia of a polychaete worm

Back 19

C) the tracheal system of an insect

Front 20

86) When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe?
A) rising O2
B) falling O2
C) rising CO2
D) falling CO2
E) rising CO2 and falling O2

Back 20

C) rising CO2

Front 21

87) One feature that amphibians and humans have in common is
A) the number of heart chambers.
B) the type of gas exchange tissues.
C) a complete separation of circuits for circulation.
D) the number of circuits for circulation.
E) a low blood pressure in the systemic circuit.

Back 21

D) the number of circuits for circulation.

Front 22

89) Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching these cells in arteries has a
A) higher PO2.
B) higher PCO2.
C) greater bicarbonate concentration.
D) lower pH.
E) lower osmotic pressure.

Back 22

A) higher PO2.

Front 23

90) Which of the following reactions prevails in red blood cells traveling through alveolar capillaries? (Hb = hemoglobin)
A) Hb + 4 O2 → Hb(O2)4
B) Hb(O2)4 → Hb + 4 O2
C) CO2 + H2O → H2CO3
D) H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3-
E) Hb + 4 CO2 → Hb(CO2)4

Back 23

A) Hb + 4 O2 → Hb(O2)4