Test 4

Front 1

The best description of an anadromous fish species is:

Back 1

a species that spawns in freshwaters, migrates to marine waters where it spends most of its adult life, and then returns to freshwaters to reproduce.

Front 2

The Atlantic Salmon is an anadromous species

Back 2

True

Front 3

Less than _____% of all of the water on planet earth is continusously recycled freshwater.

Back 3

.01%

Front 4

Major losses of Mangrove trees have taken place on the Indus River delta of India and Pakistan because:

Back 4

d. Freshwater diversions upriver from the delta have led to decreased river flow; less and less freshwater is reaching the mouth of the river and, as a result, salt water from the Arabian Sea is intruding more and more into the Mangrove ecosystem.

Front 5

Rivers that are fed primarily by snowpack on mountains tend to achieve their greatest rate of flow when?

Back 5

c. during the spring when snowpack and glaciers melt.

Front 6

As discussed in class, recurring drought and agricultural failures in Ethiopia are thought to be caused mainly by:

Back 6

deforestation in the country's western highlands.

Front 7

The two chemical elements (nutrients) mostly responsible for increased growth of algae and subsequent eutrophication in coastal bays and estuaries are:

Back 7

a. nitrogen and phosphorus

Front 8

One of China's legendary problems is recurring flooding on major rivers which at times has killed millions of people and destroyed very important cultural artifacts. A recent flooding event on the Yangtze River is an example. Chinese scientists who studied this event and earlier flooding events have concluded that:

Back 8

a. An undisturbed tree in a forest watershed is actually worth more in the long run than a tree cut down for its timber.

Front 9

The tidal Thames estuary:

Back 9

a. flows from Teddington weir mostly eastward to the North Sea

Front 10

Since it is a tidal estuary, the Thames estuary experiences ______ tidal events (a high tide and a low tide) each day.

Back 10

two

Front 11

The common term "Spring salmon" relates to what species of Pacific Northwest Salmon?

Back 11

Coho

Front 12

Pacific Northwest Salmon are considered to be both "keystone" and "indicator" species.

Back 12

True

Front 13

A "catadromous" fish species is one that spawns:

Back 13

in marine waters.

Front 14

The "homing mechanism" of Pacific Northwest Salmon means (in actual practice) that 100% of the fish return to the stream of their birth.

Back 14

False

Front 15

Atlantic salmon are actually an Eastern-seaboard species of salmon.

Back 15

False

Front 16

Raising Atlantic salmon in Northwest fish farms is desirable because this protects native salmon habitat.

Back 16

False

Front 17

The silver camouflage seen in salmon species develops in what stage?

Back 17

alevin

Front 18

Once they are near shore (often following as much as seven years far out in ocean waters) Pacific Northwest Salmon depend mainly on _________ to reach their native spawning grounds.

Back 18

sense of smell

Front 19

The nutrients of Northwest Salmon, following their decomposition in native streams where they reproduced, are contributred to the aquatic food web AND to nearby forests.

Back 19

True

Front 20

Kokanee Salmon are found in:

Back 20

Lake Whatcom

Front 21

Pacific Northwest Salmon, like many other fish species, require water habitats that are cold, clean, and clear of sediments especially in their spawning habitats. Why are cold waters so significant?

Back 21

Cold water holds mmore dissolved oxygen

Front 22

At the time of Ann Anderson's rising concerns about the safety of drinking water in Woburn, Massachusetts, it turns out that drinking water at that time was tested for:

Back 22

coliform bacteria

Front 23

As mentioned in class, about 50% of all drinking water worldwide is obtained from:

Back 23

wells

Front 24

A "confined" aquifer is one that, in general, has a layer of ______ above it.

Back 24

clay

Front 25

Hanford, Wasington is a superfund site.

Back 25

True

Front 26

______________ of wells have been drilled in Bangladesh to provide drinking water.

Back 26

millions

Front 27

The reason that wells were drilled in Bangladesh was that:

Back 27

River waters were grossly polluted

Front 28

The construction of wells in Bangladesh was funded by:

Back 28

the United Nations "UNICEF"

Front 29

The unfortunate consequence of drilling wells in Bangladesh is that most of the pumped well water contains:

Back 29

arsenic

Front 30

The problem with well-derived drinking water in Bangladesh today is that drinking this water causes:

Back 30

skin sores and cancers

Front 31

In order to illustrate the scale of a pollutant in water, I explained in class that if Arntzen Hall 100 were a swimming pool filled with water, and if a couple of drops or so of a toxic substance were added to this pool of water, the resulting concentration of this pollutant would be about:

Back 31

one part per billion (1ppb)

Front 32

A student in our class pointed out that Alaska's Copper Creek, which is noted for its salmon runs, is frequently muddy. Seemingly, this would make this river a poor salmon habitat. In response to this question, Melissa and I pointed out that:

Back 32

d. While Copper River runs muddy from time to time, the upper reaches of the River, where salmon spawn, are clear of silt.

Front 33

What noted environmentalist is reported to have said, "When you dip you hand into nature you find that everything is connected to everything else."

Back 33

John Muir

Front 34

As a result of pollution in the River Thames and its subsequent clean-up, Atlantic salmon:

Back 34

c. were among the first fish species to disappear from the River and among the last fish species to return to the River.

Front 35

John Snow, the renowned physician of London and father of the science of epidemiology, discovered, during one of London's cholera epidemics, that cholera was caused by the presence of the bacteria Cholerae vibrio in drinking water.

Back 35

False

Front 36

The objective of John Gibb's water filter in Paisley, Scotland was to prepare potable water.

Back 36

False

Front 37

In German water filtration plants the "Schmutzdecke" is the sand layer which:

Back 37

removes bacteria and viruses

Front 38

The first use of Thomas Savery's steam engine at the start of the Industrial Revolution was:

Back 38

c. to pump water from coal mines

Front 39

The occurrence of an oxygen sag in a river as evidenced by an "oxygen sag curve" means that:

Back 39

a. significant biological oxygen demand (BOD) exists

Front 40

What was it that convinced John Snow that the handle of the Broad Street Pump in Soho, London, should be removed?

Back 40

c. He studied deaths occurring in Soho and believed that it was the Broad Street Pump that was supplying contaminated water.