Test 4

Front 1

mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

Back 1

intelligence

Front 2

a general factor that according to Spearman and others underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every tast on an intelligence test

Back 2

general intellegence (g)

Front 3

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing

Back 3

savant syndrome

Front 4

the ability to percieve, understand, manage, and use emotions

Back 4

emotional intelligence

Front 5

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

Back 5

creativity

Front 6

a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores

Back 6

intelligence test

Front 7

a measure of intelligence test performance devised by binet

Back 7

mental age

Front 8

the widely used American revision of Binet;s original intelligence test

Back 8

Stanford-benit

Front 9

defined originally as the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100. now the average performance for a given age is a 100

Back 9

intelligence quotient (IQ)

Front 10

a test designed to predict a person's future performance

Back 10

aptitude tests

Front 11

a test designed to assess what a person has learned

Back 11

achievement tests

Front 12

the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance subtests

Back 12

Wechsler Adult Intelligence scale (WAIS)

Front 13

defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested standardization group

Back 13

standardization

Front 14

the semetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes

Back 14

normal curve

Front 15

the extent to which a test yeilds consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate formes of the test, or on retesting

Back 15

reliability

Front 16

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

Back 16

validity

Front 17

the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest

Back 17

content (face) validity

Front 18

the behavior that a test is designed to predict; thus the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity

Back 18

criterion

Front 19

the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior

Back 19

predictive validity

Front 20

a condition of limited mental ability, indicatied by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life, varies from mild to profound

Back 20

mental retardation

Front 21

a condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one's genetic makeup

Back 21

Down Syndrome

Front 22

the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes

Back 22

heritability

Front 23

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

Back 23

stereotype threat

Front 24

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Back 24

personality

Front 25

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Back 25

free assotiation

Front 26

Freud's theory of personality and theripeutic technique that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences- and the therapist's interpretations of then- released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

Back 26

psychoanalysis

Front 27

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we areunaware

Back 27

unconscious

Front 28

contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to freud, stives to satisfy basicsexual and aggressive drives. it operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

Back 28

id

Front 29

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. it operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

Back 29

ego

Front 30

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement and for future aspirations

Back 30

superego

Front 31

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

Back 31

psychosexual stages

Front 32

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealosy and hatred for the rival father

Back 32

Oedipus complex

Front 33

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos

Back 33

identification

Front 34

one's sense of being male or female

Back 34

gender identity

Front 35

according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage in which conflicts were unresolved

Back 35

fixation

Front 36

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Back 36

defence mechanisms

Front 37

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defence mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

Back 37

repression

Front 38

psychoanalytic defence mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

Back 38

regression

Front 39

psychoanalytic defence mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings

Back 39

reaction formation

Front 40

psychoanalytic defence mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.

Back 40

projection

Front 41

defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reactions for one's actions

Back 41

rationalization

Front 42

psychoanalytic defence mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet

Back 42

displacement

Front 43

a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

Back 43

projective test

Front 44

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

Back 44

Thematic Apperception test (TAT)

Front 45

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretation of the blots

Back 45

Rorschach inkblot test

Front 46

according to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential

Back 46

self-actualization

Front 47

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

Back 47

unconditional positive regard

Front 48

(1) a sense of one's identity and personal worth. (2) all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "who am i"

Back 48

self-concept

Front 49

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

Back 49

trait

Front 50

a questionaire(often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors. used to assess selected personality traits

Back 50

personality inventory

Front 51

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests.

Back 51

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI and MMPI-2)

Front 52

a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

Back 52

empirically derived test

Front 53

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons (and their thinking) and their social context

Back 53

social-cognitive perspective

Front 54

the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors

Back 54

reciprical determinism

Front 55

our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless

Back 55

personal control

Front 56

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate

Back 56

external locus of control

Front 57

the perception that one controls one's own fate

Back 57

internal locus of control

Front 58

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Back 58

learned helplessness

Front 59

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

Back 59

positive psychology

Front 60

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders

Back 60

spotlight effect

Front 61

one's feelings of high or low self worth

Back 61

self-esteem

Front 62

a readiness to percieve oneself favorably

Back 62

self-serving bias

Front 63

deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns

Back 63

psychological disorder

Front 64

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

Back 64

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Front 65

the concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured.

Back 65

medical model

Front 66

an integrated perspective that incorperates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

Back 66

bio-psycho-social perspective

Front 67

the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental Disorders (4th edition), a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

Back 67

DSM-IV

Front 68

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

Back 68

anxiety disorders

Front 69

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervouse system arousal.

Back 69

generalized anxiety disorder

Front 70

an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-song episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

Back 70

panic disorder

Front 71

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation

Back 71

phobia

Front 72

an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions

Back 72

obsessive cumpulsive disorder (OCD)

Front 73

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

Back 73

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Front 74

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes seperated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

Back 74

dissociative disorders

Front 75

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities.

Back 75

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

Front 76

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

Back 76

mood disorders

Front 77

a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

Back 77

major depressive disorder

Front 78

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

Back 78

mania

Front 79

a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexited state of mania

Back 79

bipolar disorder

Front 80

a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

Back 80

schizophrenia

Front 81

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

Back 81

delusions

Front 82

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

Back 82

hallucinations

Front 83

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

Back 83

personality disorders

Front 84

a personality disorder in which the person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

Back 84

antisocial personality disorder

Front 85

an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties

Back 85

psychotherapy

Front 86

an approach to psychotherapy that, depeding on the cleint's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

Back 86

eclectic approach

Front 87

Freud's theory of personality and theraputic technique that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences-and the therapist's interpretation of them-released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

Back 87

psychoanalysis

Front 88

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

Back 88

resistance

Front 89

in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other sygnifacant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

Back 89

interpretation

Front 90

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships

Back 90

transference

Front 91

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth

Back 91

client-centered therapy

Front 92

empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies

Back 92

active listening

Front 93

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

Back 93

behavior therapy

Front 94

a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning.

Back 94

counterconditioning

Front 95

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treats anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid

Back 95

exposure therapies

Front 96

a type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli

Back 96

systematic desensitization

Front 97

an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking

Back 97

virtual rality exposure therapy

Front 98

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior

Back 98

aversive conditioning

Front 99

an operant conditioning procedure in which people can earn a token of some sort for exibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

Back 99

token economy

Front 100

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

Back 100

cognitive therapy

Front 101

a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy

Back 101

cognitive behavior therapy

Front 102

therapy that treats the family as a system. views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication

Back 102

family therapy

Front 103

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

Back 103

psychopharmacology

Front 104

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

Back 104

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Front 105

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

Back 105

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

Front 106

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

Back 106

psychosurgery

Front 107

a now rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. the procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

Back 107

lobotomy