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74 Cards in this Set
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- Back
Epidemiology |
How, What, When, Where, Why of Diseases |
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Infection |
Invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microorganism |
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Disease |
Infection that results in any change from state of health |
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Pathology |
Study of Diseases |
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CDC |
Center of Disease Control |
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WHO |
World Health Organization |
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Axillary |
Armpit- lots of bacteria/microbes |
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Normal Flora/ Normal Microbiota |
Microorganisms that establish more or less premanent residence but do not produce disease under normal conditions Provide physical and chemical protection to body |
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Transient Microbiota |
Bacteria on/in body for short period of time then disappear |
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Opportunistic Pathogens |
Normal flora will take opportunity to move to better location E. coli- Ordinarily do not cause disease but in different enviornment may have adverse effects |
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Symbiotic Relationships |
2 organisms living together Possible to have more than 1 type of relationship between two organisms |
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Antagonist |
Competitive microbes |
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Cooperation |
Community/Biofilm of microbes ex. Plaque on teeth 65% of diseases caused by biofilms |
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Commensalism |
One organism benefits - other unaffected Staphyloccus epidermis on skin |
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Mutualism |
Both Organisms benefit E. coli in large intestine |
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Parasitism |
One organism benefits at others expense H1N1 Virus- needs host for nutrients, reproduce |
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Koch's Postulates |
1 microorganism causes 1 disease Extracting pure cultures and infecting healthy host |
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Koch's Exceptions |
1) Virus don't survive without host 2) Multiple Outcomes- 1 disease multipe effects 3) Multiple Factors- Hundreds agents can cause same disease |
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Signs |
Visible and testable by physician |
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Symptoms |
Changes in body function (Pain, fatigue) Way patient feels |
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Syndromes |
Classical signs/symptoms of Disease *People effected differently |
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Communicable |
Any disease that can spread from one host to another Directly or Indirectly |
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Contagious |
Disease that is easily spread from one person to another |
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Occurence |
# of cases at different times (spread of illness) |
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Incidences |
# of People- in a population who develop a disease during particular time period |
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Prevalence |
# of People- in a population who deveop a disease at a particular time Regardless of when it first appeared |
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Sporadic Diseases |
Only occur occasionally Typhoid Fever in US |
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Endemic |
Constantly present in population |
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Epidemic |
Many people in given area aquire certain disease in short period of time |
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Pandeimc |
Epidemic disease that occurs World Wide |
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Duration: Acute |
Develops Rapidly but lasts only short time
Influenza |
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Duration: Chronic |
Develops slowly and bodies reaction may be less severe
Lasts for longer periods of time
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Duration: Subacute |
Intermediate duration
Between acute and chronic
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Duration: Latent |
For Life
Agent maybe inactive for long periods with occasional outbreaks
Herpes 1&2 |
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Herd Immunity |
Bunch of people with antibodies can protect an individual without antibodies |
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Host Involvement |
Extent to which host's body is affected by disease |
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Local Infection |
Invading micoorganism are limited to a relatively small area of boy
Tebercal Bacteria / Boils / Abscess
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Systemic Infection |
Microorganisms or products are spread throughout body by the
BLOOD or Lymph
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Focal Infection |
Microbes travel systemically and then localize to specific region in body
Rheumatic fever- strep throat- if not cured can travel to heart valves and bone joints
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Primary Infection |
Acute infection that causes initial illness |
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Secondary Infection |
Caused by an opportunistic pathogen after primary infection has already weakend body's immune system |
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Subclinical (inapparent) Infection |
Does not cause any noticable illness
Polio/ Hep. A- can be carried and never develop illness
Can still be passed to someone else
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Sepsis |
Toxic inflammatory condition arising from spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins form a focus of infection |
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Septicemia |
Blood Poisoning, systemic infection arising from multiplicaiton of pathogens in blood |
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Bacteremia |
Bacteria in Blood |
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Toxemia |
Toxins in Blood |
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Viremia |
Viruses in Blood |
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Development |
Once microorganisms overcomes the defenses of host, development of disease follows certain sequence that tends to be similar whether disease is acute or chronic |
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Predisposing Factors |
Make body more suseptiable to infection and may alter the course of disease
Gender, Genetic Background, Climante, Nutrition, Age, Lifestyle, Preexisting Illnesses
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Incubation Period |
Interval between initial infection and first appearance of any signs or symptoms
Species specific Chicken pox- 2 weeks Food Poising - few hours
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Prodromal Period |
"Coming down with something" -Short period follos incubation
Early mild symptoms (aches/pains) |
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Period of Illness |
Disease is most sever- worst symptoms exibited
Most Virus (1-3 days)
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Decline Period |
Signs and Symptoms subside Germ Declining Species Specific |
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Period of Convalescence |
Person regains strength and body returns to healthy state |
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Spread- Reservoirs |
Person still carries disease and can spread to others
During Incubation and Convalescence |
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Carrier |
Living Reservoirs of infection- some are inapparent infections others are latent with outbreaks
-Not immunity- don't have antibodies to microbe |
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Zoonoses |
(Animal) Disease that occurs primarily in animals that can be transmitted to humans
Rickettias, West Nile, Lymes, Avian Flu, Rabies, Hantavirus (rat), Tapeworm, Cat-Scratch-Fever |
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Transmission |
From reservoir of infection to a susceptiable host
3x- Contact, vehicles, vectors |
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Indirect contact |
Disease trasmitted by nonliving object
Door knob |
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Direct Contact |
"person to person"
Touching, kissing, sexual |
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Droplet Transmission- |
Mucus Droplets- within a Meter
Coughing, sneezing, laughing, talking |
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Vehicle Transmission |
Travels by medium
Water, food, air, IV needle |
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Mechanical Vector |
Passive transport of pathogens
Insect't feet/body parts |
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Biological Vector |
Active process/ more complex
Arthropod bites and injects pathogen into host C |
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Case Reporting |
Working to see where there have been outbreaks of disease |
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Morbidity |
Rate of notifiable diseases-
Ones public wants to know about |
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Mortality |
# of deaths associated with a disease |
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Investigation Type
Descriptive |
Retrospective-looking back in time
Prospective- looking forward in time (predic) |
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Investigation Type
Analytical |
Cohort Group Method- 2 or more groups being compared
Case Control method- factors that influence: Genes, weather, location etc. |
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Investigation Type
Experimental |
Animal Vector/ Lab experiments |
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EIDS |
Emerging Infectious Diseases |
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Nosochomial |
Hospital aquired- Resistant and Virulent
Because have been exposed (Increased Uptake)
Due to: Lazy Techniques/ Poor Training |
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Top 3 Nosochomial Microorganisms |
E. coli- pneumonia / surgical wound infections
S. aureus- pneumonia
C. difficle- nosochomial diarrhea |
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Top Sites of Nosochomial Infections |
UTI Surgical site infections Other Lower Respiratory Infections Bloodstream Infections |