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74 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Epidemiology

How, What, When, Where, Why of Diseases 

Infection

Invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microorganism 

Disease

Infection that results in any change from state of health

Pathology

Study of Diseases

CDC

Center of Disease Control

WHO

World Health Organization

Axillary

Armpit- lots of bacteria/microbes

Normal Flora/ Normal Microbiota

Microorganisms that establish more or less premanent residence but do not produce disease under normal conditions




Provide physical and chemical protection to body



Transient Microbiota

Bacteria on/in body for short period of time then disappear 

Opportunistic Pathogens

Normal flora will take opportunity to move to better location




E. coli-




Ordinarily do not cause disease but in different enviornment may have adverse effects 



Symbiotic Relationships

2 organisms living together




Possible to have more than 1 type of relationship between two organisms



Antagonist

Competitive microbes

Cooperation

Community/Biofilm of microbes




ex. Plaque on teeth




65% of diseases caused by biofilms



Commensalism

One organism benefits - other unaffected




Staphyloccus epidermis on skin



Mutualism

Both Organisms benefit




E. coli in large intestine



Parasitism

One organism benefits at others expense




H1N1 Virus- needs host for nutrients, reproduce



Koch's Postulates

1 microorganism causes 1 disease




Extracting pure cultures and infecting healthy host



Koch's Exceptions

1) Virus don't survive without host




2) Multiple Outcomes- 1 disease multipe effects




3) Multiple Factors- Hundreds agents can cause same disease



Signs

Visible and testable by physician 

Symptoms

Changes in body function (Pain, fatigue) 




Way patient feels



Syndromes

Classical signs/symptoms of Disease




*People effected differently



Communicable

Any disease that can spread from one host to another 




Directly or Indirectly



Contagious

Disease that is easily spread from one person to another 

Occurence

# of cases at different times (spread of illness)

Incidences

# of People- in a population who develop a disease during particular time period

Prevalence

# of People- in a population who deveop a disease at a particular time 




Regardless of when it first appeared



Sporadic Diseases

Only occur occasionally




Typhoid Fever in US



Endemic

Constantly present in population

Epidemic

Many people in given area aquire certain disease in short period of time

Pandeimc 

Epidemic disease that occurs World Wide

Duration: Acute

Develops Rapidly but lasts only short time


 


Influenza

Duration: Chronic

Develops slowly and bodies reaction may be less severe 


 


Lasts for longer periods of time


 

Duration: Subacute

Intermediate duration 


 


Between acute and chronic


 

Duration: Latent

For Life


 


Agent maybe inactive for long periods with occasional outbreaks


 


Herpes 1&2

Herd Immunity

Bunch of people with antibodies can protect an individual without antibodies

Host Involvement

Extent to which host's body is affected by disease

Local Infection

Invading micoorganism are limited to a relatively small area of boy 


 


Tebercal Bacteria / Boils / Abscess


 

Systemic Infection

Microorganisms or products are spread throughout body by the 


 


BLOOD or Lymph


 

Focal Infection

Microbes travel systemically and then localize to specific region in body


 


Rheumatic fever- strep throat- if not cured can travel to heart valves and bone joints


 

Primary Infection

Acute infection that causes initial illness

Secondary Infection

Caused by an opportunistic pathogen after primary infection has already weakend body's immune system

Subclinical (inapparent) Infection

Does not cause any noticable illness


 


Polio/ Hep. A- can be carried and never develop illness 


 


Can still be passed to someone else


 

Sepsis

Toxic inflammatory condition arising from spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins form a focus of infection

Septicemia

Blood Poisoning, systemic infection arising from multiplicaiton of pathogens in blood

Bacteremia

Bacteria in Blood

Toxemia

Toxins in Blood

Viremia

Viruses in Blood

Development

Once microorganisms overcomes the defenses of host, development of disease follows certain sequence that tends to be similar whether disease is acute or chronic

Predisposing Factors

Make body more suseptiable to infection and may alter the course of disease


 


Gender, Genetic Background, Climante, Nutrition, Age, Lifestyle, Preexisting Illnesses 


 

Incubation Period

Interval between initial infection and first appearance of any signs or symptoms


 


Species specific


Chicken pox- 2 weeks


Food Poising - few hours


 

Prodromal Period

"Coming down with something"


-Short period follos incubation


 


Early mild symptoms (aches/pains)

Period of Illness

Disease is most sever- worst symptoms exibited


 


Most Virus (1-3 days)


 

Decline Period

Signs and Symptoms subside


Germ Declining


Species Specific

Period of Convalescence

Person regains strength and body returns to healthy state

Spread- Reservoirs

Person still carries disease and can spread to others


 


During Incubation and Convalescence 

Carrier

Living Reservoirs of infection- some are inapparent infections others are latent with outbreaks 


 


-Not immunity- don't have antibodies to microbe

Zoonoses

(Animal)


Disease that occurs primarily in animals that can be transmitted to humans


 


Rickettias, West Nile, Lymes, Avian Flu, Rabies, Hantavirus (rat), Tapeworm, Cat-Scratch-Fever

Transmission

From reservoir of infection to a susceptiable host


 


3x- Contact, vehicles, vectors

Indirect contact

Disease trasmitted by nonliving object


 


Door knob

Direct Contact

"person to person" 


 


Touching, kissing, sexual

Droplet Transmission-

Mucus Droplets- within a Meter


 


Coughing, sneezing, laughing, talking

Vehicle Transmission

Travels by medium


 


Water, food, air, IV needle 

Mechanical Vector

Passive transport of pathogens


 


Insect't feet/body parts

Biological Vector

Active process/ more complex


 


Arthropod bites and injects pathogen into host C

Case Reporting

Working to see where there have been outbreaks of disease

Morbidity

Rate of notifiable diseases- 


 


Ones public wants to know about 

Mortality

# of deaths associated with a disease

Investigation Type


 


Descriptive

Retrospective-looking back in time


 


Prospective- looking forward in time (predic)

Investigation Type


 


Analytical

Cohort Group Method- 2 or more groups being compared


 


Case Control method- factors that influence:


Genes, weather, location etc.

Investigation Type


 


Experimental

Animal Vector/ Lab experiments

EIDS

Emerging Infectious Diseases

Nosochomial

Hospital aquired- Resistant and Virulent


 


Because have been exposed (Increased Uptake)


 


Due to: Lazy Techniques/ Poor Training

Top 3 Nosochomial Microorganisms

E. coli- pneumonia / surgical wound infections


 


S. aureus- pneumonia


 


C. difficle- nosochomial diarrhea

Top Sites of Nosochomial Infections

UTI


Surgical site infections


Other


Lower Respiratory Infections


Bloodstream Infections