Test 3 Microbiology

Front 1

define Gene

Back 1

region of DNA that encodes a product (either RNA or protein)

Front 2

Gene Expression

Back 2

a process by which information encoded in a gene is used to make a functional gene product

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Genotype

Back 3

the genetic makeup of an organims

Front 4

Gene regulation

Back 4

regulation of gene expression

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Biotechnology

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the application of cells or cellular components to production of a certain product

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Phenotype

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the external manifestation of genetic make up

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Repression

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the process by which a repressor can stop the transcription of a protein

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induction

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the process that allows transcription of a gene

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Promoter

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a regulatory sequence to which RNA polymerase binds during transcription

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Operon

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structural genes that are located under the control of one promoter and operator sequence

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Horizontal gene transfer

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transfer of genes between two organisms in the same generation

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Vertical gene transfer

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transfer of genes from and organism to its offspring

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Gene Recombination

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is the process by which two DNA molecules exchange genetic information, resulting in the production of a new combination of alleles

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conjunction

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a process by which a donor cell can transfer its plasmid to the recipient cell via a pilus

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Resistant factors (R factors)

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a plasmid that contains antibiotic resistance genes

Front 16

Plasmids

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a small circular piece of DNA that is independent of genomic bacterial DNA and usually has some non-essential genes

are transferred during Conjugation

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DNA Fingerprinting steps

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amplifying DNA by PCR

cutting it with restriction endonucleases

and then separating the restriction fragments on GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

each individual has a unique pattern

Front 18

PCR

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Polymerase Chain Reaction

Front 19

what enzymes are used during DNA finger printing?

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Restrictive Enzymes

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RFLP

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Restriction fragment length polymorphisms

variations in length of DNA fragments when cut with restriction enzymes

Front 21

what term is used to describe the cell membrane?

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fluid mossaic

Fluid- because cells are always in water

mossaic- because you have a bunch of things embedded in the membrane so it looks like tile

Front 22

Diffusion

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is the net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Front 23

examples of Diffusion

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osmosis-water through a plasma membrane

perfume

tea bag in water

Front 24

what molecules are able to pass freely through plasma membranes without being regulated or requiring carrier molecules?

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oxygen gas, carbon dioxide gas, water and lipids

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how is net movement of water, oxygen gas, carbon dioxide and lipids determined?

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molecules will always move from an area of HIGH concentration to an area of Low concentration

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Isotonic

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net flow will be equal on both sides

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Osmosis

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diffusion of water through a membrane

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hypertonic solution

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more water in the cell than the solution,

water will flow out of the cell

cell will become flaccid

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hypotonic solution

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more water in the solution than in the cell

water will flow in to the cell

the cell will become turgid

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isotonic

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equal amount of water

equal flow of water from both sides

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Turgid

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cells become puffed up(too much water)

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Flaccid

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cells become lip(too much water leaves the cell)

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Plasmolysis

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is the separation of plant cell cytoplasm from the cell wall as a result of water loss

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Facilitated transport and active transport similarities

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both use transport proteins

both move the same kind of molecules

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Active transport is different than facilitated transport because.....

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it requires energy

against the normal flow of diffusion

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flagella

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is an appendage of locomotion

composed of a body hook and filament

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flagella and spirilla

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all spirilla have flagella

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flagella and bacilli

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half have flagella

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flagella and coccus

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only a small amount have flagella

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Peritrichous

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flagella all over the body

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monotrichous

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only on flagella

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amphitrichous

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flagella on either side of cell (2)

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lophotrichous

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a cluster of flagella on one end of cell

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negative Chemotaxis

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when bacteria move away from chemical stimuli

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positive chemotaxis

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when bacteria move toward chemical stimuli

Front 46

Pili

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found on the surface of some bacteria.

tubular structure that is involved in conjugation

Front 47

Fimbriae

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short thin appendages on the outside of some bacteria

involved in attachment to surfaces of other cells

Front 48

what makes up the cell Envelope?

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cell membrane cell wall and glycocalyx

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slime layer

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matrix of polysaccharides that are secreted by the cell for the purpose of attachment to other cells or surfaces

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capsule

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is composed of polysaccharides AND/OR protein

prevents the bacterial cell from being phagocytized by white blood cells

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gram positive cell wall

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thicker

no outer membrane

more penetrable

some have periplasmic space

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gram negative cell wall

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thinner

outer membrane

less penetrable

ALL have periplasmic space

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granule

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are composed of lipids, polysaccharides and inorganic compounds

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ribosome

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assist in the synthesis of proteins

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endospore

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enable bacteria to survive in a dormant state for hundreds of years, and resist high temps and toxic chemicals

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Chromatin body

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the hereditary material of bacteria

Front 57

life cycle of spore forming bacteria

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Vegetative cell-metabolically active and reproducing cell

Sporangium- Chromatin body and small portion of cytoplasm are walled off at one end of the cell

Spore- spores become thicker and heat resistant, Sporangium begins to deteriorate

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why is it an advantage for cells to be small?

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the smaller the cell the greater the surface are/volume ratio

the smaller the cell the less total volume

Front 59

how big are Prokaryotic cells?

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1-10 um

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how big are eukrayotic cells?

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10-100 um

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plasma membrane

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two layers of phospholipids with embedded proteins

controls the passage of molecules in and out of the cell

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cell wall

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found outside the plasma membrane

composed of cellulose which give the cell walls strength and rigidity

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nucleus

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surrounds the hereditary material

contains relatively large pores which allow the passage of certain molecules into and out of the necleus

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ribosomes

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small granules composed of RNA and protein

assist in the production of proteins from amino acids

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endoplasmic reticulum

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composed of membranous canals

transport and synthesis of molecules

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golgi apparatus

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made up of flattened membrane sacs

processes and then packages molecules in vesicles

transport molecules within the cell or secrete them out of the plasma membrane

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lysosome

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contain digestive enzymes that carry out hydrolysis reactions

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plant vacuole

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membrane sacs of fluid

makes the cell pump

stores and recycles various molecules

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mitochondrion

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have two membranes

carries out chemical reactions which allow the oxidation of organic molecules and the use of that energy to produce ATP

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Chloroplast

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contain the green pigment chlorophyll

carry out the reactions of photosynthesis which involve the conversion of light energy to chemical energy

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leucoplast

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store starch in plant cells

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cytoskeleton

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network of fibers

functions in the cell shape and movement

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cilia

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assist in movement

constructed of protein tubules call microtubules

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endocytosis

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the ingestion of organic material into a cell

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exocytosis

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reverses the process of endocytosis, secreting material out of a cell

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phagocytosis

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material taken into the cell is solid material

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pinocytosis

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material taken into the cell is liquid

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thylakoids

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specialized invaginations of the plasma membrane that carry out photosynthesis

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membrane bound organelle

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organelles only found in eukaryotic cells

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prokaryotic cells

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do not have a nucleus or organelles

Front 81

eurkaryotic cells

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have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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eukaryotic plant cells

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contain a cell wall

the vacuole is singular, central and large

Front 83

eukaryotic animal cells

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do not have cell walls

have numerous small vacuoles