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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do the people in California consider themselves?
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Californios
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What is it to become regionalized?
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the group of people who went with the missionaries and over time became regionalized, they only cared about that region.
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Of what descent were these Californios?
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Mixed descent BUT will emphesixe Spanish blood they have. THey may be 1/2 Indian, 1/2 Spanish, but will ONLY recognize the Spanish part.
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Name the Characteristics of a Californio?
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They had a limited education because there were no schools, had limited savings, loved the fadango (party/celebrations) Didnt like to perform manual labor, the Indians did that & had a tendency to marry off their daughters to officers of ships who came to port to buy their products.
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Why did they have a tendency to marry their daughters off to American Ship Officers?
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To lighten their skin color
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Why would an officer want to marry a daughter of a Californio?
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Because they received a dowry & that dowry was land, many acres= wealth and that was an incentive to marry the daughters.
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Why is it a win-win situation for officers & Californios to marry off their daughters to the officers?
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The Californios get to lighten their skin, & the officers get many acres of lands that will make them wealthy.
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What Happens in 1848 and what follows in 1849?
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The discovery of gold and gold rush
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What types of people will participate in the gold rush & will the Californios participate in it?
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All types of people from all over the world came to california and the Californios will participate in it.
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Name 2 reasons why the Californios will not last in the participation of the gold rush?
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1.The work was too hard and had a lot of manual labor
2. Racism they faced by the Americans |
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Why did the californios face racism?
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The Californios Worked with many people including Americans who participated in the Mexican-American War or had loved ones who were in it & whos loved ones were killed in the war. Americans do not like Mexicans & the Californios will claim they are not spaniards, but the Americans see them ALL the same that theres no diff. between a CAlifornio & a Mexican.
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THe Californios go back to their wonderful lives, what made it so wonderful?
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Secularization
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What is Secularization?
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.The process where govt kicks out the priests, takes over, & sells the missions that make lots of $
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What effort does the Mexican govt do to try to sell these missions?
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Govt gets the richest of the richest in Mexico and will invite them to a meeting to give a sales pitch to sell the mission.
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The information 2sell the missions is accurate but why cant they sell the missions?
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There is no one they can trust with that investment and they dont want to move and they will say no thanks and invest closer to Mexico City.
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Who does want to buy the missions in California & what is the problem?
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The Californios & they dont have the money that the government is asking 4 they have money but not what they're asking for.
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When no one in Mexico City is buying the missions what does the government do in desperation of obtaining money?
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They sell the missions @ a reduced price
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Name the reason for the rise of the californios & the fall of them?
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For the Rise the buying of the missions because it made them lots of money
For the decline the reason is the gold rush |
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After the Californios stop participating in the gold rush how do they realize they can make $?
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THey start walkin back home & see the land and start thinking of everything they have back home & it is plentiful. They get the idea to start selling the scarce products to the miners and make their business that way. They will grow their food and sell it to the miners. Their lives just got better because they are making more $
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Who also has same idea as the californios?
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The unsucessful miners are walkin back head 2 SF also and see empty land then they have the same idea as the Californios to sell products to the miners. So they will settle in the land and grow products to sell.
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What is the problem with the land that these minors/Americans have take the liberty to inhabit?
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Those lands belong to the Californios & those inhabiting these lands are reffered to as squatters.
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When the Californios finally realize that these squatters are in their land what do they try to do and why is it difficult?
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Decide to quick them out but the problem is the languages & it is difficult to communicate and will turn to violence.
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Since the Californios cant kick out these squatters what do they have to resort to and who will help them accomplish this?
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they have to go to court and they need lawyers to file the proper papers and guide them in what to do about this problem.
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Name the things the Californio will have to pay 4 with the help of the lawyer?
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They need money to pay the lawyer a retainer and after that to do the proper procedures they will pay 4some1 to go 2 Mx City to obtain the deed of their land, to pay for a translator to translate the documents & communication, hire a land surveyor to see how much land they own & pay for any more things that the lawyer may ask for.
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California prepared itself to respond to the claims of who is the rightful owner of the land and what act will they pass?
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Land Act of 1851
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What is this Land act what did it create/do?
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Created a board to decide authencity of all claims that were being submitted.
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What race were the members of these boards?
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Consisted of all white Americans.
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How many claims were submitted and how many acres were part of the claims?
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813 claims that consisted of a total of 9million acres.
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How many did the board approve and deny?
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604 approved and denied 209
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The claims approved were a good thing but what was the problem with the process of getting these claims approved?
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That it took about 17yrs to get a claim approved
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Because of all the waiting and dealing with lawyers what problem do the Californios run into? (think of 1 of their characteristics)
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The lawyer is always asking for $ and the Californios had limited Savings. THey run out of money and the way they pay the lawyer is with land, 7 if they needed $ they would obtain it through the lawyer who got the land. By the time their claims were approved they had no land left and some were still in debt.
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Why will acts of banditry occur in California?
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Children of Californios are angry because they went through the system and lost their inheritence. They are angry @ the white men. They see a loss of economic power and are being treated as 2nd class. English speaking can shoot a spanish speaking person & get away with it because a spanish speaking person cant go 2court & testify against a white man unless a white man testifies 4them (fat chance) Spanish speaking are angry & this results in banditry.
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Name of 1 of the bandits in Cali.
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Joaquin Murietta
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Why is he a famous bandit?
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Story is the white men came for their lands & an argument broke out that resulted in the death of his brother. He cant go to court and testify against a white man so he goes backs and kills the white man. If he goes to court for sure he would be hung so he recognizes his life has changed forever and takes the life of banditry 2avenge, a robin hood situation.
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What happens when Muriettas name becomes famous in California?
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Hes seen as a hero and the authorities do not like this, they want to stp the threat. A sheriff shoots a man, chops his head and displays it to the public to claim that Murietta is dead and make a sort of example out of him.
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What starts happening throughout Cali & whos responsible 4it & the descriptions of him?
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Many stores are getting robbed and claimed that Murietta robbed them. Store all over (even robberies that happened ! the same time) claim that Murietta robbed them and they all had different descriptions of Murietta.
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After sheriff "kills" Murietta what happens and what is wondered?
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THe robberies stops and its wondered if Murietta ever existed or if he knew that he was claimed dead and decided to begin a new life.
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What kind of economy did California have?
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Agricultural community, growing of crops or selling cow hydes (pastoral items)
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After 1850 what added to their economy (CA)
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Mineral Economy
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By 1850 what did their economy consist of?
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Agricultural, pastoral, & mineral based economy.
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Before 1850 What was the population of California?
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Had about 15,000 Non-Indeginious people living there
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After 1850 what was the population of California?
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It rose over 100,00
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Why did the population of California rise so much after 1850?
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Gold rush
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DO they suffer Loss of economic & political power, why or why not?
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Yes they did because the Americans took over.
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Did The Mexican-American war had an impact in California and why or why not?
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It significantly had an impact in California & the reason why was because during the war American Troops entered California and waged battle in California, thus resulting of impacting the state in several levels resulting in a large impact.
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What impact did the railroad have in California?
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Positive and NEgative
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Why was the railroad Postive in Ca?
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Economically it opened up its economy, Ca products can now go to the east coast so more markets are available to sell the goods.
Also machines from the east coast are being brought into Ca. which creates new industry cuz Cali producer of raw materials. It is exporting 1,000's of cow hide With the machines goods can be created at a faster pace and the Ca economy benefits because of the railroads |
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Why was the railroad a negative impact in Ca?
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Railroad will introduce into Ca, Americans from the South who will bring their prejudices into CA against people of dark skin causing more social problems.
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What year does California become a state?
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1850
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What is the population of Arizona by 1700?
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under 3,000 non-indiginious people are living in Arizon by 1700
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By 1800 what is the population of Arizona?
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Under 5,000 people by 1800 in Arizona
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By the 1800s what race was mostly living in Arizona? & minority?
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Mexican & a few Americans start to show up by 1800.
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Where do the majority of people live in Arizona?
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Tucson
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What is the relationship between the Mexicans & Americans In Arizona in the 1800s?
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It is pretty good, American men married Mexican women and became acculturated.
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Why did the Americans & Mexicans get along in the 1800s?
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They mixed and got along well because the Americans needed the Mexicans to tell them what to harvest, where & where to sell their products.
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2reasons why by the 1800s few people wanted to live in Arizona?
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1. No economic incentive to go to Arizona.
2. Large nomadic population |
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What 2 big changes occur in the 1870's that made people want to go to Arizona?
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1. Invention of electricity
In Arizona there's a lot of copper which is needed in electricity because it allows it to to let it travel and thus there is a huge demand for copper 2. Due to the pacification of large nomadic people All those nomadic Indians have been killed or put into reservations and are no longer a threat. |
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By the 1870's do the dynamics between Spanish & english speaking people change?
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yes it does
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Mining communities are near tucson which is good for business for the spanish speaking people, but what changes the good business?
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introduction of railroad
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why are Mexican suppliers not needed with the arrival of the railroads?
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Trains bring into these communities more food, plus diverse food, for this reason the communities from before are no longer needed.
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Positive impact of the railroad in Arizona?
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Opens up the economy
Railroad becomes a means on transportation & wagons no longer needed (& bad) Can carry more than a wagon Opens up the economy |
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Negative impact
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No need for wagons putting the Mexicans out of business
Racist white Southerns will come bringing in their racists attitudes adding to the arising problems Will give the Mexicans jobs no one else wants |
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Is there a loss of political power in Arizona by the 1870's?
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No because the Americans aren't populating towns that already exist. Therefore American Politicians aren't replacing Mexican Politicians because The Americans are politicians in new towns, they aren't taking the jobs away.
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What is the Capital of Arizona?
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Phoenix
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Did the Mexican-American War have an impact on Arizona?
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Very minimal impact @ a small level. Soldiers did pass through Arizona, but they only passed through here because they were on their way to California.
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What type of economy does Arizona have before the Mexican-American War?
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Agricultural
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What type of economy does Arizona have after the Mexican-American War?
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Agricultural and Mineral based economy
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By 1850 Texas has experienced a major war, what is the population by then and how many are spanish speaking people?
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It has a population of 30,000 and has a population ot 10-12,000 Spanish Speaking People
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What is the economy of Texas?
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Agricultural and pastoral (animals that graze on pasture such as cattle & sheep), cotton and pastoral are their main economy.
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In whose hands is the political control?
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in hands of English Speaking people., with exception of the Texas/Mexico border where Spanish Speaking People retain political and economic power.
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before 1857 in Texas who ran the long-wagon and most of the cart industry?
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The Spanish Speaking People
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Cart War 1857 in Texas
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English Speaking want to take over the the cart industry and will have price war against the Spanish speaking people. They find they cant win & will resort to violence such as shooting at drivers, blocking roads & putting obstacles. The Mexicans will retaliate against the Americans and create a cart war. The Americans will complain to the government and the government will send soldiers to put down the cart war. In 6months the war is over and the Mexicans are out of the cart business.
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Catholic Work Ethic (Texas)
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IE. Have 100 acres, only need 20 to survive so only use 20 and have 80 acres fallow. Those 20 acres you have will make the money you need to purchase your needs. Work less so have more time tp pray and go to Church.
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Protestant Work Ethic (Texas)
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IE. Have 100 acres & use 100 acres. They make money, buy their needs & still have money left over. With that left over money they buy more land, exploit more land, and make more $. THe more $ the more land you buy etc.
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The Americans are investing in their lands & the sorrounding land value goes up. What is the downside of increasing your value in land? (tx)
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The more your land is worth the more in taxes you will have to pay.
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What happens to the Mexicans and their lands as their land values are going up? (tx)
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With the catholic work ethic the Spanish Speaking people are still working the same amt of land & making the same amt. of money as their taxes go up. Taxes go up, expenses go up, income remains the same till they have less and less left over and they are in the hole and get their land taken away for non-payment of taxes.
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Most Mexicans in Tx lose their land how & what does this result in?
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They lose their land for non-payment of taxes & most were not aware the taxes were goin up because of the increasing land values. THe language barrier affected them from finding out & the Americans werent going to tell them because they wanted their land.
All this adds to hostility and anger towards the Americans and results in banditry. |
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Name one of the well known individuals in TX that turns to Banditry?
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Juan Nepomucena Cortina
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What is the story of why this TX individual turns to banditry?
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Cortina goes into town to buy supplies, hes a local resident, he witnesses a Sheriff beating a Spanish Speaking Person and decides to step in to help the individual. In the process sheriffs gun goes off killing him, it was an accident but Cortina knows hell be hanged if he is caught. So he goes into the general store to "borrow" a few things and happens to find horses and takes off right across the river to Mexico.
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Cortina helps organize The Cortina Gang and what are they known for?
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The group goes into various towns between the Mexico/Texas border and go to the jails to break out the Spanish Speaking People, and rob store then head back to the Mexico border.
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Why are the Cortina Gang breaking out the Spanish Speaking People?
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Because they believe they have been wrongfully accused.
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The Cortina Gang becomes well known and a threat to the Americans. Explain the incident where they call for the help of the troops.
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Local authorities call for troops and when Cortina and Gang goes into town troops arrive and chase the gang. They are chased past the Mexico border, the troops illegally chased them, but after a few hrs they give up and return to Texas. The significance of this event is that US is willing to break the law & Mexico is no longer safe for them so Cortina retires and becomes the governor of a state of Mexico.
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What is the impact of the Mexican-American War in Texas?
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Limited impact because the war is fought in Mexico NOT Texas, the only impact they experiences is the soldiers going into Texas to get to Mexico.
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Railroad impact in Texas?
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Good & bad.
Good because it opened up the economy and is able to bring diverse amount of goods and allow agricultural products to be exported. The bad because Southern Prejudice is brought and adds to the social problems already existing in Texas @ the time. |
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What is the population of New Mexico?
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roughly 60,000 people
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Why are the majority of the population Spanish Speaking?
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They have a large population because of the Spanish settlements Coronado left behind, and it grew and it grew till it aquired a large population.
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Why did New Mexico have a large population & does the culture change with the increasing population?
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they had a large birth rate increase & also cultuary it stays the same
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What does New Mexicos economy consist of?
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Agriculture, pastoral, minerals and timber, it has the most diverse economy.
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What is the significance of the arrival of railroads in New Mexico?
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Good & bad
Good opens up the economy because before donkeys carried the supplies such as the mineral and could only carry 200-300 lbs of mineral, now with the railroad it can carry tons/cart. New form of transportation and can produce more THe BAD it brings Southern Prejudice into NM |
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With the railroads people can produce and sell more and can expand, with this comes the need of more land and what do people do to obtain these lands?
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People such as the Nuevo Mexicanos will take land away from the poor people because they cant defend themselves & will also go after other Mexicans lands.
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What do the Nuevo Mexicanos call the other Mexicans "beneath" them?
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Surromato
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The Nueo Mexicanos team up with the Americans to take the lands away from the Indian & the poor, name the 3ways they will aquire lands.
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1. Purchase it
2. Violence 3. Trickery |
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AS a result of everyone wanting lands they had to decide the validity of New Mexicos Claims and what new office is created and what does it do?
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Office of Surveyor General created in 1854 for the purpose to recommend legality of claims and send recommendation to congress for final approval.
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Name the total number of claims filed & approved in New Mexico. (& those AZ claims)
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205 claims filed, and 141 approved. Arizona fell under this office and had 15filed and 13 confirmed.
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By what year was the claims confirmed and how many yrs did it take for them to be confirmed in New MExico?
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by 1888 and 34 years
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Forest Reserve Act of 1891 in New Mexico & the problem with it.
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It set aside 1000's of acres of land for national forests. Problem is people are living in these lands that are forests and now cant live, grow, and had to leave.They had to leave without compensation and because of this you will see emergence of banditry.
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Name the 2 groups of bandits that become known in New Mexico.
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1. Mano Negra
2. Gorras Blancas |
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What are the 3groups that are targeted by both groups of bandits?
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railroads, land speculators, and federal government.
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Why are these groups targeted by the bandits in NM?
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1.Went after the railroads because they decided what lands to go through and kicked people out.
2. Land Speculators because they found ways to obtain lands. 3. Government because of the forest reserve act. |
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Impact of Mexican-American War in NM?
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Not much of an impact only 2isolated events made an impact.
1. Gov of state of NM of Santa Fe, Gov Armijo will be informed of a group of soldiers coming and knows he cant win. He abandons the city leaving the city/citizens unprotected. The citizens dont care but decide to fight the Americans because they think that if they dont fight they will be seen as cowards so they prefer to stay and die. 2.South WEst concern, New Mexicans living there fight Americans because they feel loyalty to MExico and have ties. |
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What is the impact of political and economic power in New Mexico?
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They retain political and economic power the longest because of Spanish Speaking Population.
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in 1848 there were about less than 1,000 Spanish Speaking People in the US, by 1849 there was over 60,000 why?
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Came as a result of the treaty Gadalupe Hidalgo, Mexican territories became part of the US. the US aquired new terretory and its people already in it.
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from 1850-1880 how many Mexicans are going into the US? Why they leave?
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12,000 & conditions were getting bad but not enought resources to move so only a few did
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from 1890-1900 how many Mexicans are going into the US? & why did they leave?
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35,000 & because conditions in Mexico were getting worst during the Porfiriato Diaz Presidency. Also more transportation becomes available
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From 1900-1910 how many Mexicans are going into the US? & why did they leave?
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50,000 because conditions in Mexico were getting worst during the Porfiriato Diaz Presidency
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From 1910-1920 How many mexicans are going into the US? & why did they leave?
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150,000 Conditions get even worse & the Mexican Revolution happens so people leave Mexico in order to stay alive.
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From 1921-1930 How many mexicans are going into the US? & why did they leave?
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210,000 + Leave during Post Mexican Revolution. There is so much destruction after the revolution that some people had no choice but to leave.
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Why do the Mexicans decide to migrate to the the US instead of central AMerican where their culture is similar to the one of Mexico?
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They leave because they had more access to transportation such as the railroads. Also Mexicans area laready working for companies in Mexico whos products are going to the US the railraods just made it easier to migrate.
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Chinese Exclusion Act 1880's
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Prohibited the Chinese from entering the US. Many Chinese will go back to China since they can;t bring their families into the US.
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What is the significance of the Chinese Exclusion Act?
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There is a shortage of agricultural workers in the agruclture sector.
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Gentlemans Agreement Act of 1907
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prohibited the Japanese into entering the nation resulting into more shortages of agricultural workers.
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Which two acts cause an agricultural shortage in the US?
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Chinese Exclusion Act & Gentlemans Agreement Act
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Dingley Tariff Act of 1897
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imposed tax on all imported sugar. if imported sugar cost .5cents and sugar from the US cost .20cents people will buy the imported so the US made this act to impose a higher tax so the US sugar would be cheaper.
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What is the significance of the Dingley Tariff Act?
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There is an increased demand for sugar, so producers need to grow more sugar and tehrefore need more workers. It created jobs in one sector of the economy.
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Federal Reclamation Act of 1902
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Provided funds for the construction of vast irrigation systems thoughout the South West. Canals, resevoirs, wells etc were built through this act.
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What was the significance of the Federal Reclamation Act of 1902?
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it created jobs
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What is the pull & push factor of mexicans entering into the US?
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The push factor was Diaz exploiting his people and try to please his foreign investors. The pull factor was the 4acts passed. 2laws created shortages and 2 created jobs. The Mexicans are wanted for these jobs.
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Not everyone will accept the Mexicans. Name the location where people didnt want them?
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Imperial Valley of California.
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prior to the Federal Reclamation Act Americans hired mexican workers from what months?
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March-Sept
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How will the Federal Reclamation Act change the hiring of temporary mexican workers?
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This act brings water into the dessert area which leads to planting and harvesting of the crops on year around basis which means the Mexican workers are not temp but now have turned permanent.
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How does the Deferal Reclamation Act change the community of the Imperial Valley?
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the workers are no longer temp theyre permanent so now they bring their wives and children with them and live in the area permanent. The community needs $ to build schools and other buildings due to the population growing
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Name 3 ways the the Imperial Valley will deal with the Mexican Problem
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1. Americanize them through the educational system. kids will go to school, learn english language, culture and values. Also the housewives will be sent to school at night so that they can learn to cook American foods and And maintain a proper household.
2. Americanize them through religious instituations. Convert the Mexican Catholics into protestants. Those leading the way to conversions are Presbiterians, Methodists, and Baptist. 3.kick them out of the country |
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Who shares the same feelings towards Mexicans as the Americans from the Imperial Valley & why?
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The Mexican Americans because when a wave of Mexicans come into the US they lose their jobs or have to take a pay cut because of them. The migration affects them economically and they dont like it so dislike the Mexicans for coming in.
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THe Mexicans that will lose their jobs move to the Southwest and take what kind of jobs/
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jobs in the auto, steel and meat-packing industries.
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Name 3reasons why it was good for the Mexican-American to have moved to the Southwest and found new jobs?
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1. By working in those certain industries they had higher wages.
2. Benefits 3.Regardless of weather they could still work, didnt matter if it rained, snowed or was hot or cold. |
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The Mexican-Americans that stay and dont move southwest get new jobs working as what?
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Constructing/maintaining of railroads
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in the 1850's, 60's. & 70's the spanish speaking community realizes that the government is not there for them. People in the South west to be specific realize that if they have a problem they have to solve it themselves. so what results out of this?
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Mutal Aid Societies
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What was the point of a Mutual Aid Society?
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To help with the financial needs and to obtain justice from the law.
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what did the Mutual Aid Societies promote?
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social/cultural activities. the idea is the retention of the culture. keep traditions alive
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When was Alianza Hispana created and where?
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in 1895 in Tucson
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Explain who the members of Alianza Hispana were and how they helped out the people
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member from mostly the middle class, they provided social activies, provided sickness/death benefits and supported minor demands for higher wages.
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Primer Congreso Mexicano what year was that created & where? what did it to dor its people?
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1920s and was formed in the state of Texas.
It arose from a need to improve social economic conditions of the Texicans. it Adressed problems of discrimination (such as lynching) and adress the decline of Mexican culture and language. |
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Why does WWI have an impact of Mutual Aid Societies?
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During the war many MExican Americans participated and came out of it with a new perspective. They saw how they were treated inside and outside of teh military. Outside your discriminated because of your race, inside race is not a factor, rank is. They were affected because many lacked english skills and acculturation.
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what year was Sons of America crfeated and where?
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1921 and in San Antonio Texas.
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Tell why the Sons of America is different from the other Mutual Aid Societies and their rules & goals?
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The words are in english and not in Spanish. Their rules are that you have to be a US Citizen, only accepted Mexican-Americans, NOT Mexicans, they focus on acculturation, urge members to learn english, stress voter registration and tried to aquire political representation at all levels. they also wanted to obtain higher levels of education.
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Sons of American because very popular but what was their problem and what was the end results?
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it became popular and grew too quickly and encountered problems. Many were created in diff states resulting in diff leadership and different answers to the same problems. The end results were that they disintegrated and went own ways.
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What does LULAC stand for and what yr was it created?
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The League oof United Latin American Citizens and created in 1929.
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By when did LULAC become the largest group?
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by WWII
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What were the goals of LULAC?
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to obtain equality by law, education, govt and the business world.The promoted training of more Mexican AMerican Doctors, lawyers, engineers, and other professionals. Will encourage proficiency in english & be represented by middle classes and found predomenently int he South West.
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By 1910 why is there migration of educated, educated, professionals, non-professionals, rich & poor types of Mexicans coming over?
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The Mexican Revolution affects everyone alike and they leave Mexico to stay alive
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1. During what yrs do the events occur?
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1901-1913
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2.Why does the Sheriff want to arrest Cortes?
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For trading a horse
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3.what crimes is Cortes accused of committing?
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killing 3men
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4. What is the role of the Texas Rangers?
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To capture Cortes
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5. Give Specific examples of injustices committed agains the Mexican-American COmmunity?
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Killed innocent people, and hanged them because they were all Mexicans and had prejudices. Plus questioned any Mexican Men about the whereabout of Cortes and harrassed them
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6. Why is Gregorio Cortes FAmily jailed?
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Because they are his loved ones and they are out looking for him.
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7. How were the authorities 7. finally able to capture Cortes? Did he turn himself in? was he betrayed? ANy other possibilities?
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He was betrayed because a man that gave him shelter went to the Texas Rangers to aquire the $1,000 reward for Cortes.
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8.List any unjustices committed during the trial of Cortes?
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He was depicted as an evil murdereous man & he never had a chance for a fair trial in that community.
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10. Give examples of how the Mexican American community aided Cortes while he was on the run and during the trial
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A lady helped him out and fed him when he was on the run. DUring the trail people gathered and tried to get donations to seek justice for Cortes
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11. What is the outcome of the trial? How many yes did Cortes Spend in Jail? What became of Cortes?
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He is guilty and sentenced to life improsonment. by 1913 he is pardoned and released he spent a total of 12 yrs in jail.
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