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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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2 main functions of urinary system: What is each called? |
1) eliminate metabolic waste (excretion) 2) maintain water/salt balance (osmoregulation) |
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What does excretion do? 4 organ systems: |
- separates wastes/body fluids, eliminates waste - respiratory, digestive, urinary, integumentary |
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6 functions of kidney: -Which function uses renin & EPO? What are each? -Which affects blood vol/BP? -Which returns useful molecules to blood? -Which is fasting/amino acids into glucose? |
1) filter blood plasma, eliminate waste/toxins/drugs (returns useful to blood) 2) regulate water vol & solute conc. In blood (blood vol/BP) 3) endocrine (renin: regulate BP, EPO: RBC production) 4) long term acid-base balance 5) activate vit D 6) gluconeogenesis (amino acids to glucose) fasting |
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4 components of urinary system: 2 components of kidneys: |
- 2 kidneys (inputs: renal artery, outputs: renal vein/ureters) - 2 ureters - 1 bladder - 1 urethra |
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-What % of cardiac output do the kidneys use? What is this called? -What 3 things does each kidney have? |
- 25%: renal fraction - renal artery (aorta), afferent arteriole, glomerulus (nephron) |
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-What are the 3 CT layers of the kidneys? Which layer adheres to abdominal wall? -What region comprises the outer? -What region comprises the inner? -Where does the ureter drain? |
1) renal fascia (adheres to wall) 2) adipose capsule 3) renal capsule - renal cortex - renal medulla - drains into bladder |
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-What extensions in the renal cortex lead into renal medulla? -In the renal medulla what collects urine & what sends urine into renal pelvis? -What structures distinguish the medulla? |
- renal columns - minor calyx, major calyx - pyramids |
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-What is the functional unit of the kidney? -How many per kidney? -What are the 2 main parts of these units? What do they do? |
- nephron - 1.2 million - 1) renal corpuscle: filter blood plasma 2) renal tubule: process filtrate into urine |
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5 main structures of the nephron |
1) glomerular capillaries/capsule 2) proximal tubule 3) loop of henle 4) distal tubule 5) collecting duct |
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2 parts of the renal corpuscle: What is the fluid from the glomerular capillaries called? Where does this fluid collect & flow? |
1) glomerulus 2) glomerular (bowmans) capsule - glomerular filtrate - in capsular space flowing into renal tubule |
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4 regions of renal tubule |
1) proximal convoluted tubule 2) distal convoluted tubule 3) nephron loop 4) collecting loop |
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-What region of renal tubule receives fluid from multiple nephrons? -What is the duct from the glomerular capsule? What is the ending of the duct at the medullary pyramid called? |
- collecting duct - renal tubule, renal papilla |
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What is the longest most coiled part of renal tubule? What tissue comprises it? What SA structures does it have throughout? |
- proximal convoluted tubule - simple cuboidal - microvilli |
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-What structure of the renal tubule is u shaped w/ ascending & descending limbs? -What 2 segments comprise this structure? Which transports salt & has many mitochondria? Which is very water permeable w/ low metabolic activity? -What tissue comprises each segment? |
- loop of henle - 1) thick segment (simple cuboidal): salt & mitochondria 2) thin segment (simple squamous): water permeable |
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Which component of the renal tubule is devoid of microvilli & is end of nephron? |
Distal convoluted tubule |
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Which component of the renal tubule receives fluid from DCT? Where does it pass the fluid? |
- collecting duct - medulla |
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Trace the flow of glomerular filtrate (12 steps): |
Glomerular capsule➡PCT➡nephron loop➡DCT➡collecting duct➡papillary duct➡minor calyx➡major calyx➡renal pelvis➡ureter➡bladder➡urethra |
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2 nephron types: Which is more prevalent? |
1) cortical nephrons (85%) 2) juxtamedullary nephrons (15%) |
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-Which nephron type has short loops & dips into medulla w/ efferent arterioles into peritubular capillaries? Where are they located? -Which nephron type has long loops extending to apex of renal pyramid? Where are they located? What is their function? |
- cortical nephron: beneath renal capsule surface - juxtamedullary nephron: close to medulla (maintain salt gradient/conserve water) |
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-What network of vessels delivers blood to renal medulla? -What is different about juxtamedullary nephrons arterioles as opposed to cortical nephrons? |
- Vasa recta - juxtamedullary have Vasa recta instead of peritubular capillaries |
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3 steps of blood filtration in urine production: -Which step moves solute from blood to filtrate? -Which step moves water, minerals, & waste into bowmans capsule? - Which step returns filtrate to blood? |
1) glomerular filtration: into bowmans capsule 2) tubular reabsorption: filtrate to blood 3) tubular secretion: solute from blood to filtrate |
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In glomerular filtration where does water/solute go? What are the 3 barriers called? Name the 3 fluid barriers: |
- capsular space of nephron - filtration membrane 1) fenestrated endothelium 2) basement membrane 3) filtration slits |
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-Which layer of filtration membrane has small pores not letting RBCs pass? -Which layer has podocytes w/ extensions? What are these called? -Which layer has proteoglycan gel making it hard for lg & charged molecules (albumin) |
- fenestrated endothelium - filtration slits (pedicels) - basement membrane |
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Substances normally found in filtrate: Substances not normally found: -What is hematuria? -What is proteinuria (albuminuria)? - What causes these cells to get into urine? |
- water, electrolytes, glucose, fatty acid, amino acid, nitrogenous waste, vitamins - albumin & blood cells, protein, blood - blood in urine - protein in urine - kidney infections |
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What is the sum of forces, most important factor fo GFR? What is HPgc? What is HPcs? What is OPgc? Is there more blood or filtrate? |
- net filtration pressure - fluid pressure out of capillary - pressure of filtrate in capsule - osmotic pressure due to proteins - there's more blood |
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-What does GFR stand for? What is it? -For every 1 mmHg of NFP how much filtrate do the kidneys produce per min? What is this called? -How much GFR daily for male/female? -What % of filtrate is reabsorbed? How much GFR/min on avg? |
- glomerular filtration rate: amount filtrate formed per min by kidneys - around 12.5 ml; filt. coefficient Kf - 180 L male, 150 L female - 99%: 30 ml/min |
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3 mechanisms for controlling glomerular pressure |
1) renal autoregulation 2) sympathetic control 3) hormonal control |
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In renal autoregulation, what adjusts GFR? What is the purpose of renal autoregulation? 2 main mechanisms: -Which mech prevents blood flow into glomerulus? -Which has JGA to monitor fluid entering DCT & adjusts GFR? |
- nephrons - maintain stable GFR despite change in arteriole BP 1) myogenic: prevents flow into glo. 2) tubuloglomerular feedback: JGA adjusts GFR |
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-What's the JGA? What does it do? -What are the 3 cell types associated w/ the JGA? What is their structure/function? |
- juxtaglomerular apparatus: adjusts GFR 1) juxtaglomerular (JG) cells: smooth muscle in aff. arterioles that dialate/constrict & secrete renin 2) macula densa: epith. cells at DCT across from JG cells 3) mesangial cells: b/w aff. & eff. arterioles among capillaries in glomerulus |
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-What mechanism exhibits hormonal control of GFR? -What do the JG cells secrete when BP decreases? -What converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I? -Where is ACE contained? What does it do? |
- renin angiotensin mechanism - renin - renin - lungs & kidneys: converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II |
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What is RAAS? What if RAAS is too active? What drugs target RAAS? |
- renin angiotensin aldosterone sys. - high BP (hypertension) - ACE inhibitors, renin inhibitors, treat heart disease |
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What does RAAS regulate? |
Blood pressure & sodium conc. |
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Where does tubular reabsorption occur? What is its function? How much & from where? What also occurs here? What is the process called? |
- PCT - reabsorb water/solute & return to blood; 65% GF from peritubular capillaries - disposal of molecules in blood in urine (secretion) |
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2 routes of reabsorption in PCT: Where does each occur? |
1) transcellular: thru epith. cells 2) paracellular: b/w epith. cells |
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What is the main ion in GF? How does it travel? Via what channel? What is its main function? What mech brings in other molecules? |
- Na+ - via para & transcellular routes; via NaK pumps - drive reabsorption of water - symport proteins |
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What does active Na+ transport create? 3 steps of active Na transport: |
- conc. gradients that drive Cl- reabsorption 1) glucose cotransported 2) exits cell via facilitated diff. 3) all glucose is reabsorbed |
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-How much GF do the kidneys reduce into how much urine? -Where is most water reabsorbed? -How is water pulled out of the filtrate? What's this called? -Via what routes is water reabsorbed? -What is obligatory water reabsorption? Where does this occur? |
- 180 L of GF into 1.5 L urine - 2/3 in PCT - solutes make tissue fluid hypertonic pulling water out (osmosis) - via para & transcellular - water reabsorbed at constant rate: PCT |
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How do other electrolytes move? |
Thru para & transcellular route w/ water |
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3 nitrogenous wastes in urine: Which is reabsorbed & secreted? Which is only secreted? What does BUN indicate? What does a creatinine clearance test show? |
1) urea: reabsorbed/50% secreted 2) uric acid 3) creatinine: not reabsorbed - levels of nitrogenous waste in blood: high levels=damaged kidneys, low levels=damaged liver - kidney function w/ creat. levels in blood & urine |
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-Is reabsorption limited? What is limited? -What happens if all transport proteins are full? -If more glucose enters than Tm what happens? What is this called? What would this be a sign of? |
- no; transport proteins - solutes not reabsorbed show in urine - glucose in urine; glycosuria (diabetes mallitus) |
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In tubular secretion, what does the renal tubule do? Where does tubular secretion take place in the nephron? What 2 purposes does tubular secretion serve? |
- move chemicals from blood & secrete tubular fluid - PCT & nephron loop 1) waste removal 2) acid-base balance |
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The primary function of nephron loop: Function of descending loop: Function of ascending loop: |
- make salinity gradient to enable collecting duct to conc. urine & conserve water - water reabsorption - ion reabsorption & waste secretion |
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What's the difference between control of PCT/nephron loop & DCT/collecting duct? |
PCT & nephron loop are automatic, DCT & collecting duct are controlled by hormones |
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What 2 hormones control the DCT & collecting duct? What does each do? Which is inhibited by alcohol? Which increases BP and is subject of BP medication? |
1) ADH: conserves water (inhibited by alcohol) 2) aldosterone: conserves salt (increases blood vol/pressure) |
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What component of the nephron conc. urine? Where is urine least conc.? Why? |
- collecting duct - medulla: it's more permeable to water than salt |
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Where do the ureters run? Why are they easily obstructed? By what? |
- from renal pelvis to bladder - lumen is narrow: obstructed by kidney stones |
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In the female urethra where is the external urethral orifice located? What condition originates there? What's the difference b/w internal & external urethral sphincter? |
- b/w vaginal orifice & clitoris - UTI (40% women) - internal is involuntary, external is voluntary |
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In the male bladder/urethra what are the 3 regions? Where do they pass thru? What's BPH? |
1) prostatic urethra: thru prostate 2) membranous urethra: thru pelvic cavity 3) spongy urethra: thru penis to external urethral orifice - benign prostatic hyperplasia: urinary retension |
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2 main damagers of kidneys: How many ml/min do healthy kidneys process? Steps of kidney failure: Which is characterized by less than 15ml/min? |
1) diabetes 2) kidney stones - 90ml/min - 1 to 5 stages: stage 5 failure |
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What constitutes renal failure? What treats renal failure? 2 types of treatment and functions: |
- less than 50% filtration rate - dialysis 1) hemodialysis: blood filtered via tubing for hours (most common) 2) peritoneal dialysis: abdominal cavity filled/drained |
