Test 3 - Cerebral Cortex

Front 1

How much of the brain is buried due to convolutions?

Back 1

2/3

Front 2

What is the surface area of the brain?

Back 2

2.5 sq. ft.

Front 3

Who has the most convoluted brains?

Back 3

humans

Front 4

What is the prominent cell type of the cerebral cortex?

Back 4

pyramidal cells - all excitatory

Front 5

T/F all pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex are excitatory.

Back 5

True

Front 6

Where does the major output leave from the cerebral cortex layers?

Back 6

layer 5 motor cortex (4)

Front 7

Where does the major input come in? what cerebral cortex level?

Back 7

layer 4 - primary sensory (3,1,2)

Front 8

How many layers are in the neocortex?

Back 8

6

Front 9

How many layers are in the archicortex?

Back 9

3 layers - in hippocampus, and limbic lobe and in cerebellum

Front 10

Where do you find the opercular, traingular and orbital area?

Back 10

in the frontal lobe

Front 11

What lobe contains the upramarginal and angular areas?

Back 11

parietal lobe

Front 12

What lobe contains the cuneus and lingual areas.

Back 12

occipital

Front 13

what is an ancient surgical procedure of operating on the skull by scraping, chiseling or cutting of bone

Back 13

trephanation

Front 14

DId people survive trephanation?

Back 14

some, yevidence of healing

Front 15

Why did ancient people use trephanation?

Back 15

TBI, psychiatric disorders, relition

Front 16

Where did trephanation usually take place? (on skull)

Back 16

frontal and upper parietal areas

Front 17

_________ is the study of the mind and character based on the shape of thy skull

Back 17

phrenology

Front 18

In phrenology bumps and depression in the skull correlated with ____.

Back 18

function

Front 19

In phrenology, bumps indication _______ gyrus and depressions indicated ______ gyrus

Back 19

well-developed and under-developed

Front 20

There were ______ faculties identified in phrenology.

Back 20

27

Front 21

The first 19 faculties are common to ____- and ______; the final eight faculties are specific to _____.

Back 21

men and animals, human

Front 22

What are the final eight faculties of phrenology?

Back 22

comparative sagacity, metphysics, senseof satire, sense of witticism, poetical talent, kindness; venevolence; gentleness; cpmassion; sensitiviy; moral sense; the faculty to imitate; the mimick; the organ of religion, the firmness of purpose; constancy; perseverence; obstinacy

Front 23

Who was the discoverer of phrenology?

Back 23

Franz Joseph Gall

Front 24

What did Pierre Paul broca discover?

Back 24

Broca's areas: he described area that when damaged, speech adn written word could be comprehended, but grammatically - correct speech and writing was not possible.

Front 25

Where are Broca's areas found?

Back 25

Broadmann's areas 44,45

Front 26

Where in the brain is broca's area found?

Back 26

on the left hemisphere in the frontal lobe -

Front 27

When broca's area was lesioned in would result in _______ aphasia

Back 27

motor/expressive

Front 28

When you have motor aphasia can you comprehend?

Back 28

written words and speech

Front 29

When trying to speak what would it sound like when someone had wernickes's aphasia?

Back 29

word salad - nothing was grammatically correct or made sense

Front 30

What did Karl Wernicke discover?

Back 30

Wernicke's area: aphasia that involved a distrubanc in the comprehension of speech, no the execution of speech

Front 31

What area's are damaged when lesioning Wernicke's area?

Back 31

supramarginal and angular gyri of parietal lobe

Front 32

Wernicke's area converts ____ and _____-words into and ________ 'code'

Back 32

written and spoken auditory

Front 33

What area is damaged when someone has sensory or receptive aphasia

Back 33

Wernicke's area

Front 34

When have Wernicke's aphasia: speech is _______- (possible/impossible) but ______ (can/cannot) comprehend familiar written and spoken language.

Back 34

possible, cannot

Front 35

Broca's area is speech __________. whereas Wernicke's area is speech _______.
(understanding or formation?)

Back 35

formation, understanding

Front 36

When you babble incessantly you have _______ aphasia

Back 36

Sensory/receptive, or Wernicke's

Front 37

When you lesion the path connecting the Broca's area and Wernicke's area what kind of aphasia do you have?

Back 37

Conductive aphasia

Front 38

When you cannot repeat words/phrases or substitute words or change order what aphasia is being expressed?

Back 38

Conductive aphasia

Front 39

Who is responsible for documenting phineas gage case?

Back 39

John Harlow

Front 40

Phineas Gage had an iron rod pierce his skull, what lobe was damaged?

Back 40

frontal

Front 41

In the documenting of Gage's lesion, Harlow noticed a particular change in personality from ____- to _______.

Back 41

personality change, from:
well-balanced
smart
capable
affable
to:
fitful
impatient
obstinate
profane

Front 42

Harlow discovered the importance of the frontal lobe in _________ because of phineas gage.

Back 42

documents frontal lobe’s importance in personality, emotional expression and behavior

Front 43

The prefrontal association cortex connects to the _____ _____ nucleus of thalamus.

Back 43

dorsal medial

Front 44

Prefrontal association cortex is impt. in ?

Back 44

planning for volunatry activiy, decision making, personality traits

Front 45

T/F the prefrontal assocation cortex is related to the limbic system (emotion)

Back 45

true

Front 46

Where does concentration, reasoning, spontaneity, social norms occur? which lobe? and what area?

Back 46

frontal lobe, in prefrontal association cortex

Front 47

What did Brodmann do in 1909?

Back 47

classified the cerebral cortex into 52 areas based on cytoarchitecture.

Front 48

Broadmann surmised that each area was functionally __________ .(distinct, the same)

Back 48

distinct - as different area had different function

Front 49

Today we have now realized that brodmann's areas _______.

Back 49

are not as distnict as brodmann thought, and many more function areas than originally thought.

Front 50

If you lesion the Supplementary motar area (8,6) what will you see?

Back 50

akinetic mutism,

Front 51

What is akinetic mutism?

Back 51

They dont' speak or move - the area damaged is normally responsible for plannign and programming movement (speech and body parts)

Front 52

What area is on the inner surface - not visible and is responsible for programming of complex movements?

Back 52

supplementary motor area

Front 53

What is lesioned if a general paucity of spontaneous movement and speech?

Back 53

Supplementary motor area

Front 54

If you lesion the primary motor cortex, what defiicit will you see?

Back 54

Dyskinesia (execution of movements)

Front 55

If you lesion the primary visual cortex what will occur?

Back 55

CONTRALATERAL - homonymous hemianopsia - loss of entire visual field

Front 56

What will occur if you damage the frontal eye fields?

Back 56

IPSILATERAL deviation - lesion impairs volunatry aversive eye movements.

Front 57

Where is the FEF located?

Back 57

deep to middle frontal gyrus - responsible for conjugate eye movements.

Front 58

What happens when FEF is normally stimulated?

Back 58

causes contralateral eye to deviate to side of stimulation

Front 59

What is so special about Wilder Penfield?

Back 59

He discovered the motor/sensory homunculus - studied cortex of conscious pateints during brain surgery for epilepsy.

Front 60

T/F penfield stimulated parts of the cortex during brain surgery

Back 60

Treu

Front 61

What are some techniques to study the cortex?

Back 61

ablations - damage and see
EEG - evoked potentials
Neuroradiological techniques
Metabolism -- Blood Flow, PET, Beam
Neuropsychological Assessment

Front 62

what is an impairment of ability to execute a skilled motor act even though now motor paralysis?

Back 62

apraxia

Front 63

_____ apraxia is when loss of ability to proper use of an object due to lack of perception of it's purpose

Back 63

sensory

Front 64

_____ is failure or inability to recognize the importance of sensory impressions.

Back 64

agnosia

Front 65

___________-agnosia is an inability to recognize the significance of sounds.

Back 65

auditory

Front 66

_____- agnosia is the when the words are seen but not recognized.

Back 66

visual

Front 67

________ is suppression of vision in one eye

Back 67

anopsia

Front 68

___-- absence of the sense of taste

Back 68

ageusia

Front 69

_________ absence of the sense of smell

Back 69

anosmia

Front 70

loss of the ability to write

Back 70

agraphia

Front 71

inability to remember the names of objects

Back 71

anomia

Front 72

visual aphasia or word blindness

Back 72

alexia

Front 73

failure in the formulation of speech event though comprehension of language is normal

Back 73

expressive aphasia

Front 74

inability to read music

Back 74

musical alexia

Front 75

impairment of ability to comprehend written language

Back 75

dyslexia

Front 76

disturbance or loss of ability to comprehend, elaborate, or express speech concepts

Back 76

aphasia

Front 77

what connects various lobes in the SAME hemispher together: cortical connections or:

Back 77

association fibers

Front 78

Name the association fibers of teh brain.

Back 78

Superior occipitofrontal
Superior longitudinal fasciculus
Uncinate
inferior occipitofrontal
inferior longitudinal fasciculus

Front 79

If you damage a fasciculus (association fiber) in the brain what is teh result?

Back 79

change in cognitive status

Front 80

What connects the front with the temporal lobe?

Back 80

uncinate

Front 81

What connects the temporal lobes

Back 81

anterior commissure

Front 82

What connects the frontal and parietal and occipital lobes (INTERHEMISPHERIC)

Back 82

corpus callosum

Front 83

What connects gyri?

Back 83

arcuate fibers

Front 84

What runs along the corpus callosum and connects the limbic lobes -

Back 84

cingulum

Front 85

How many neurons are in the cortex?

Back 85

20-23 Billion

Front 86

What are the parts of the corpus callossum?

Back 86

rostrom genu, body, splenium

Front 87

How many synpases are in the brain

Back 87

1.5 quadrillion

Front 88

What area is primary motor?

Back 88

4

Front 89

What area do you visualize

Back 89

39

Front 90

Where are the language areas

Back 90

40,39,19

Front 91

What B area do you find deja vue?

Back 91

20,21 Deja Vue

Front 92

What B area is Broca's area?

Back 92

Broca’s Area 44, 45(dominant hemisphere) - left
Motor Speech

Front 93

3,1,2 Primary Sensory Lesion-

Back 93

sensory neglect of contralateral body.

Front 94

Lesion: 5,7

Back 94

lose quality of sensation

Front 95

What is area 22, and what happens if you lesion it?

Back 95

Weineke’s area- lesion hear words but
can’t speak word!

Front 96

What area is 5,7 what if you lesion it?

Back 96

Sup Parietal
Primary association
Get info from primary sensory and put
Meaning to it (cold vs hot, rough vs smooth
Lesion: Tactile Agnosia!

Front 97

What is area 41, 42

Back 97

41,42 pri auditory Transverse gyrus of Heshel

Front 98

Lesion area 6:

Back 98

Apraxia
inability to accomplish a
given movement! NO muscle weakness or impairment!

Front 99

What is area 18,19 responsible for?

Back 99

19,18 Visual Association - Objects appear
lesion – physic blindness. Agnosia (visual) cannot
recognize object but know it with other senses

Front 100

What is non-fluent aphasia

Back 100

44,45 Broca’s non fluent aphasia: Understand but can’t speak

Front 101

What is area 17 responsible for?

Back 101

Primary visual lesion- cortical blindness

Front 102

What does the cingulate and entorhinal cortex do?

Back 102

Cortex- Cingulate- entorhinal-hippocampus
Learning and memory

Front 103

What % or R handers have dominant R hemisphere?

Back 103

90-95% of right handed people
have dominant left hemisphere

Front 104

Stereognosis:

Back 104

Figuring out the shape of an
object or direction and speed
of the stimulus

Front 105

Drawing, music, spatial perception

Back 105

R hemisphere

Front 106

Calculation and language

Back 106

is on L hemisphere

Front 107

T/F Most left-handed people also have
Dominant left hemisphere, but more
Likely to have a dominant right
Than right handed persons.

Back 107

true

Front 108

which hemisphere has speech and writing?

Back 108

Left

Front 109

What hemisphere is non-dominant and considered "artsy"

Back 109

R

Front 110

What artery runs along the ventral surface of the brainstem?

Back 110

basilar

Front 111

Stroke here
ACA =

Back 111

lower leg, foot contralateral

Front 112

Stroke here MCA =

Back 112

upper body contralateral

Front 113

he anterior cerebral arteries (ACA) are a pair of arteries on human anatomy that the supplies oxygen to most .

Back 113

medial portions of frontal lobes and superior medial parietal lobes

Front 114

The posterior cerebral artery (PCA) is one of a pair of blood vessels that supplies oxygenated blood to the .

Back 114

posterior aspect of the brain (occipital lobe) in human anatomy]

Front 115

The middle cerebral artery (MCA) is one of the three major paired arteries that supplies blood to the _________. The MCA arises from the internal carotid and continues into the lateral sulcus where it then branches and projects to many parts of the _____________. It also supplies blood to the anterior __________ and the insular cortices.

Back 115

cerebrum, lateral cerebral cortex,temporal lobes