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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cellular transformation theory
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Healthy cells transformed by physical or chemical carcinogens (chronic exposure to carcinogens) leading to:
initiation, promotion, and transformation with suppression of tumor suppressor genes Proto oncogenes -> oncogenes |
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Failure of immune system,
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malignant cells always present...
immunosupression: viral physical chemical irradiational, etc |
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Epstein Barr Virus (mono)
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nasopharyngeal Cancer
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Human Papilloma Virus
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Genital Cancers
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HIV and Hepatitis C, B
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Liver Cancer
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Chemical
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asbestos
tar chromium cobalt asphalt plastics dyes hydrocarbons alcohol tobacco |
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Industry
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crude paraffin
fuel oil nickel |
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Physical
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ionizing radiation
ultraviolet trauma repeated infections |
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Hormonal
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steroids
estrogens androgens progestins |
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Genetics
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breast
colon lymphomas ovarian uterine |
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Presence of pre-cancerous lesions
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pigmented moles
keloid burn scars senile keratoses leukoplakia polyps |
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pigmented moles
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blue/black (carcinogens)
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keloid burn scars
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raised (pre cancerous)
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Senile keratoses
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Big brown blobs
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Leukoplakia
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White patches on tongue
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Polyps
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most likely in colon
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Biological Response Modifiers
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Interleukin 3 - form of WBC
Cytokine - immune Monoclonial antibodies - rats/antibodies/expensive interferon Killer and helper T cells |
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Anti carcinogens
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NSAIDS-
Hormonal Suppression (Tomoxifen) Retinoids Finasteride (testerone suppression) |
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NSAIDS
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disrupt blood supply to cancer
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Tamoxifen
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breast cancer, S/E uterine cancer
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Retinoids
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Advanced Vit A
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Finasteride
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Prostate cancer
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Biopsy
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Incisional : portion
Excisional : complete lesion Needle: fluid, tissue Aspiration: fluid |
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Chemotherapy
Contraindicated |
Infection
Recent surgery - wait 6-8wks Impaired renal/hepatic Recent radiation Pregnancy |
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Drugs for Nausea (chemo)
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Odansetron (Sulfren)
Metoclopromide (Reglan) Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) |
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Stomatitis
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Sores in mouth
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Alopecia
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Ice
scalp tourniquet (vasoconstriction) |
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Anemia
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Dietary
Iron Vitamins Blood - boost Hgb, Hct Epogen |
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Epogen
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Arrythropeotin - made by kidneys, stimulates RBC
400-500mg, twice a week Stop at Hgb = 12 S/E - death d/t strokes, etc drugs carry risk |
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Infection
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Monitor WBC
Screen Visitors Flowers, plants |
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Radio diagnostic
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Respiratory
Renal Bone |
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CAT scans
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Cross sections - body imagine @ varying depths
w/ or w/o contrast Check Allergies to shell fish / iodine Check kidney function |
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Isotope Studies
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Scintillating scanner for:
Thyroid Lung Bone Liver/Spleen |
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Antigen Skin Test **
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DNCB
+ 24 hours Challenged in 14 days |
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Radiation
External (Teletherapy) |
Cobalt (Big ball w/ tube)
Linear acceleration (Focused directly on tumor) |
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Radiation
Internal (Brachytherapy) |
uncommon
Sealed: in container near tumor 24-72 hours (implant of radium next to tumor) unsealed: injected or seeded |
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Superior vena cava syndrome **
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Lymphomas
Bronchogenic cancer Tx- radiation |
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Superior vena cava syndrome **
S/S |
Periorbital edema
stokes sign - neck swelling edema of hands, arms dypnea, erythema, epistaxis |
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Neutrophils
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60-70% , 3,000 - 7,000
Fly to infection if infection = 90% |
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Lymphocytes
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20-40% , 1,000-4,000
for viruses flu = 50-60% |
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Bands
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baby neutrophils 1%
if neutro = ↑85 then bands = ↑8 Shift to left = overwhelming infection Shift to right = need nutrition/fluids |
