Test 3 Bio

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Metabolic pathway

Back 1

A specific molecule, which is then altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product.

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Catabolic pathway

Back 2

releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds, like cellular respiration.

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anabolic pathways

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Consumes energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones; they are sometimes called biosynthetic pathway. For example the synthesis of a protein from amino acids.

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Kinetic energy

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energy associated with the relative motion of objects.

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Potential energy

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energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure.

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Heat

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is kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules

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Chemical energy

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potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction.

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Thermodynamics

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the study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter.

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First Law of Thermodynamics

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energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

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Second Law of Thermodynamics

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Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy in the universe.

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Entropy

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measure of disorder, or randomness.

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Biological order vs. disorder

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an organism takes in organized forms of matter and energy from the surroundings and replaces them with less ordered forms.

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Free energy

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is a portion of a systems energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system, as in a living cell.

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Endergonic reaction

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absorbs free energy from is surroundings and is nonspontaneous

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Exergonic reactions

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a net release of free energy and are spontaneous.

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Energy coupling

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- the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one, like ATP

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ATP

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contains sugar ribose, with a nitrogen base adenine and a chain of three phosphate groups bonded to it. The bonds between the phosphate groups of ATP can be broken down by hydrolysis, once the terminal phosphate bond is broken and ATP become ADP.

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Catalysts

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a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being consumed by the reaction

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Enzymes

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a macromolecule that acts as a catalyst. Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers, without enzymes metabolism would be congested because many chemical reactions would take such a long time.

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Activation energy

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the amount of energy needed to push the reactants over an energy barrier so the down part of the reaction can begin

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Substrates

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the reactant an enzyme binds on. While the enzyme and substrate are joined, the catalytic action of the enzyme converts the substrate to the product of the reaction.

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Active sites

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the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds on.

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Induced fit

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a substrate brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the reaction

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Temperature and pH effects on enzyme activity

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the rate of an enzymatic reaction increases with increasing temperature up to a certain point, because the substrates collide with the active sites more frequently. Same with pH, there are certain pH’s where an enzyme is most active.

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Cofactors

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Cofactors

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Coenzymes

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organic cofactors, such as vitamins

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Competitive

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reduce the productivity of enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active sites. This kind of inhabitation can be overcome by increasing the concentration of substrates so that active sites can become more available

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noncompetitive inhibitors

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do not directly compete with the substrate to bind to the enzyme at the active site. Instead, they impede enzymatic reactions by binding to another part of the enzyme. It causes the enzyme molecule to change its shape in a way that the active site becomes less effective at catalyzing the conversion of substrate to product. Examples of inhibitors include toxins, poisons, pesticides, and antibiotics.

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Allosteric regulation

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inhibit or stimulate an enzyme’s activity. Occurs when a regulatory molecule binds to a protein at one site and affects the protein’s function at another site

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Feedback Inhibition

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a metabolic pathway is switched off by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway.