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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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fats provide over ______ as much energy/g
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twice
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fats provide ________ for walking
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ENERGY!
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major storage form is the body
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fats
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diets are_____-
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dangerous
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carbs add weight by
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insulin (storage hormone)
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excess energy is stored in _______
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glycogen (liver, muscle)
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amino acids are necessary for _________
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protein synthesis
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how many amino acids are there?
how many and what are essential amino acids? |
20, ones your body cannot synthesize itself, 8
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minerals is bones, nerves, hemoglobin, thyroid?
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bones: Ca++, Mg++, PO4(-3)
muscles: Na+, K hemoglobin: Fe thyroid: I |
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trace minerals (co-factors)
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Zn, Cu, Se, etc.
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2 types of vitamins
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water and fat soluble
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water soluble vitamins excess is __________
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excreted
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examples of water soluble vitamins
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C, B (11 different ones)
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fat soluble vitamons do what is the body?
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accumulate
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are fat soluble vitamins toxic?
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YES
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examples of fat soluble vitamins?
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A, D, E, K`
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digestion
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the process of breaking down tissues into macromolecules that can be used for ENERGY and BUILDIN BLOCKS
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where does digestion occur?
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GI tract (mouth to anus)
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what two processes are involved in digestion?
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breaking down and absorbing
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what kind of muscle is in the GI tract?
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smooth (involuntary)
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Contractions in the GI tract do what?
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mix food (constrictions) and push it along (peristaltic)
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sphincters
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at end of GI tract, 2: one smooth, one voluntary
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what is the mouth for?
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tearing and grinding food
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t/f: teeth are specialized depending on a species diet
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TRUE
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kinds of teeth
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incisors, canines, premolars, molars
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what is the tongue for?
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taste, manipulation, speech
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saliva does what?
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coats food for easy swallowing
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salivary amylase turns starch into what
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disaccharides
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salivary secretion is a reaction to
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anticipation for food
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paths of the pharynx
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1. pharynx-esophagus-stomach
2. pharynx-larynx-trachea-lungs |
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food and air share in______--
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the pharynx
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choking is
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blocking the epiglottis(flap that keeps food out)
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swallowing is
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the voluntary act of getting food from pharynx to the esophagus
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the upper esophagus is
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voluntary
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the lower esophagus is
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smooth muscle (involuntary)
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failure of the lower esophagus sphincter leads to
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acid reflux!
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the capacity of the average stomach
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2-4 liters
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the pH of the stomach is
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low
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what is chyme
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semi-digested food
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is there much absorption through the stomach
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no, H2O, alcohol,some drugs
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what is between the stomach and the small intestine?
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pyloric sphincter
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what happens in the small intestine?
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chemical breakdown and absorption
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is the surface area is the small intestine high?
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yes
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microvilli are on what
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villi which are on wall folds in the small intestine
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microvilli do what
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absorb chemicals and nutrients for you
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the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas secret into what?
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the small intestine (duodenum)
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pancreas secretes what?
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enzymes
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t/f: the pancreas rises pH
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true
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liver synthesizes...
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bile
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the liver stores what?
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fat and glycogen
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liver regulates what?
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blood glucose
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what organ detoxifies your body
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liver
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food is totally broken down and absorbed in the cells of what organ
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small intestine
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resorption of water and salts occurs in what organ
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large intestine
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feces are made in what organ and of what?
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large intestine, 1/3 dead bacteria
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what controls digestion
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autonomic nervous system
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gut peptides help with what
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control of digestion
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central nervous system helps with digestion by
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telling you when you are full/hungry
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circulation get what into the blood
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oxygen and nutrients
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what are the two types circulatory system?
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open and closed
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closed circulatory systems are composed of
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blood in vessels
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diagram of the cardiovascular system
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heart - aorta - arteries - arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins - vena cava - heart
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types of blood vessels
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arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins
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arteries expand and relax ....
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slowly (smooth blood flow)
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arterioles expansion and contraction is called
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vasodilation and vasoconstriction
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arterioles control
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blood flow
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what are the sites of the exchange in the blood
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capillaries
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what flows single file through the capillaries
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red blood cells
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veins have ______- resistance to blood flow
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low
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muscle contractions in the veins prevent what
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back flow
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the lymphatic system is composed of what
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blind tubes that collect interstitial fluid
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macrophages and lymphocytes come from where
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lymph nodes
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how many chambers does a fish heart have
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2 (atrium and ventricle)
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amphibians have what kind of heart
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3 chambers, 2 atria and 1 ventricle
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birds and mammals have what kind of heart
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4 chambers, 2 atria and 2 ventricles
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what are the two circulations in birds and mammals
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pulmonary (lungs) and systemic (everywhere else)
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O2 comes in and CO2 goes out in which respiratory system
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pulmonary
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diagram of the mammalian heart
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right atria - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - left atria - etc
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the pulmonary artery is high in ______ and low in ______
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CO2, O2`
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the left atria is high in ____ and low in___
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O2, CO2
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what are the two types of one way heart valves
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atrioventricular and semilunar
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can the mammalian heart beat outside of the body and why?
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yes, has its own pacemaker (heart beat is controlled in the heart)
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when muscle fibers contract spontaneously and independently of one another
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fibrillation
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what controls heart beat
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sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node
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the sinoatrial node initiates action in what part of the heart
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right atrium
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the atrioventricular node has how long of a delay
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0.1 second
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the adrenal medulla releases what and controls what in the heart
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epinephrine (epi), stroke volume and minute volume of the heart
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autonomic nervous system is made of what
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sympathetic and parasympathetic
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the sympathetic nervous system releases what and is what
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norepi, stimulatory
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the parasympathetic system releases what and is what
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acetylcholine (Ach), hibitory
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blood pressure is made up of what
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systolic (contraction)/ diastolic (relaxation)
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what is hypertension
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when the heart works harder
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atherosclerosis is
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the hardening of the arteries
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what much blood do people have on average?
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5-6 liters
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what percentage of the blood is cells and what percent is plasma?
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40% and 60%
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how long so red blood cells live
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4 months
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do red blood cells have a nucleus
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no
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where are red blood cells made
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the spleen and the bone marrow
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white blood cells(leukocytes) are less than what percent of blood and how many types are there
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1%, 5 types
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platelets are for what
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clotting
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is breathing part of cellular respiration
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no
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gills are in what animals
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invertebrates, fish, some amphibians
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are gills efficient and why
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yes, less O2 in water
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are lungs efficient and why?
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no, only one opening
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what is the main advantage of lungs
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constantly moist
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inhalation does what to the chest
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increases its volume
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in exhalation our muscles do what
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relax
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what is our tidal air volume
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500 mL
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the vital capacity of our lungs is
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5 liters
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what are the air passage ways
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nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli
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why is the nose important for breathing
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traps particles, warms and humidifies air
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the vocal cords are in the....
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larynx
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how many bronchi do we have and what are they made of
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2, bronchioles
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bronchioles are made up of
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alveoli
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where does gas exchange take place
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alveoli
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oxygen is transported in the...
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hemoglobin
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how is CO2 transported out of the blood
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dissolves in the blood
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what controls breathing?
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inspiratory motor neurons and sensory neurons
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what is the function of the immune system
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defense against disease
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what are three things the immune systems does/has?
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barriers, internal defenses, immune response
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what are some of the barriers of the immune system?
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skin, sweat glands, etc
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what are the internal defenses of the immune system?
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inflammatory response, macrophages, pus, killing most bacteria in wound area
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what does the immune response do?
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white blood cells attack shit. B and T cells
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B cells are what
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antibodies
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immunoglobulin protein formed in response to an antigen
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antibody
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a foreign subtance that elicits an immune response
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antigen
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antibodies and antigens combine and what happens?
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neutralize bacteria or toxin
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what are components of immune response?
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recognition, attack, memory
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how many antibodies does the human body have and is it enough?
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millions, no
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antibodies are on the surface of ____ cells
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B and T
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describe the shape of antibodies
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Y shaped, constant region is the bottom, top is 2 peptides that are specific for antigens
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how are antibodies created
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mutations, new combinations of genes until we find the right match
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how do our bodies recognize our selves?
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code for antigens on our own cells
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t/f: our immune system develops immediately
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false
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what two types of immunity do we have?
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passive (from ma) and active
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ATTACK! (describe humoral immunity)
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antibody on B cell bind to antigen and is cloned, divides and divides
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plasma cells do what
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release antibodies into the blood
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memory cells do what
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live for years and remember previous antigens
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what is an antibody's function
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neutralize toxins, blocks active site, coats cells, agglutination
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what is agglutination?
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antibody binds two antigens, clumping
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