Test 3 - Ascending Sensory Systems

Front 1

The ____ ____ is a system designed by cytoarchitecture of gray matter in the dorsal horn that is a place of synapse - including: substantia gelatinosa, & nucleus proprius.

Back 1

Rexed Lamina

Front 2

The ______ _______ is where nuclei of the spinal cord related to the perception of paint and temp pathway synapse found in the dorsal horn of ALL spinal levels.

Back 2

substantia gelatinosa

Front 3

T/F the substantia gelatinosa AND nucleus proprius are found in ALL spinal levels.

Back 3

True

Front 4

T/F the dorsal lateral fasciculus (or fasciculus of Lissauer) is white matter.

Back 4

True

Front 5

The _____ nuclei found in the gray matter of the spinal cord has neurons in association with muscles of the neck and trunk.

Back 5

Medial nuclei

Front 6

The _____ nuclei are found in cervical spinal cord segments in the gray matter and supply the diaphragm.

Back 6

phrenic

Front 7

The accessory nuclei in the spinal gray matter that supplies the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid is found in what spinal segments?

Back 7

C1-C5

Front 8

The Lateral nuclei in the gray matter of the spinal cord supply the upper and lower limbs and are found in what area(s) of the spinal cord?

Back 8

C4-T1 (upper) L2-S3 (lower)

Front 9

What does the retrodorsolateral nuclei supply found in C7-T1 or S1-S3

Back 9

muscles of the hand or foot

Front 10

Where are the nuclei that supply the muscles of the hand and foot found (what spinal segments)?

Back 10

retrodorsolateral - C7-T1 and S1-S3

Front 11

The fasciculus of Lissauer is found on the most posterior aspect of the dorsal horn and is composed of white matter, what is it's function?

Back 11

It contains axon collaterals from incoming afferent axons that go up and down via the dorsal lateral fasciculus and synapse in other areas (spread the action potential out in the spinal cord).

Front 12

What nuclei is responsible for containing soma's (perikaryons) that assist in reflex proprioception?

Back 12

Dorsal nucleus of Clarke

Front 13

What spinal segments have the dorsal nucleus of Clarke? and what is their purpose?

Back 13

C8-L2 - reflex proprioception

Front 14

Incoming visceral afferent nerves have cell bodies within the ____ ____ ______ but synapse in the _______ _______ nuclei of the spinal cord found in the ____ and __ segments.

Back 14

dorsal root ganglion, visceral afferent, T1-L2 and S1-S3

Front 15

The sympathetic preganglionic cell body is found within this nuclei of the spinal cord. (also specify what levels it is found in)

Back 15

intermediolateral cell column (in T1 - L2)

Front 16

Where are the sacral parasympathetic nuclei found (what levels)?

Back 16

in the Anterior horn - S2-S4

Front 17

T/F interneurons are found in both the CNS and PNS.

Back 17

False, Interneurons are confined to teh CNS

Front 18

T/F the majority of neurons found within the CNS are interneurons.

Back 18

True

Front 19

T/F an alpha motor neuron can also be called a lower motor neuron.

Back 19

true

Front 20

The _______ _______ is a group of related nerve fibers that enables a signal from an alpha motor neuron to travel up and down (1-2 levels of the spinal cord).

Back 20

fasciculus proprius

Front 21

The nerve fibers that travel up and down the fasciculus proprius synapse on _____neurons.

Back 21

inter

Front 22

Where is the fasciculus proprius found?

Back 22

surrounding the gray matter of the spinal cord.

Front 23

What type of nerve fiber is found in the fasciculus proprius?

Back 23

collaterals from alpha motor neurons

Front 24

Sensory innervation is projected to _____ different levels of the cord via the _______ _______.

Back 24

3, dorsolateral fasciculus

Front 25

You need to lose _____ (one/two/three) posterior root to get complete anesthesia of an area of the body because of _____ (central or peripheral or both) overlap.

Back 25

three, both

Front 26

T/F Nerves predominately carry one type of nerve (pain/temp, crude touch), so when knocked out you lose all of that sensation from that area.

Back 26

False, nerves DO predominately carry one type of modality, but just because you knock out that nerve that doesn't mean you knock out the collaterals that are extending to other layers, thus you will still experience that sensation from that area because of peripheral overlap

Front 27

What is responsible for the CNS overlap of sensory material?

Back 27

dorsolateral fasciculus

Front 28

________ overlap is when nerve endings from different neurons of different spinal levels cover one area of the body (ex: skin).

Back 28

peripheral overlap

Front 29

_______ is a collection of axons outside the cns.

Back 29

nerve

Front 30

The body is connected to the CNS by two types of nerves: _____ and _____.

Back 30

cranial and spinal

Front 31

T/F most nerves are mixed - contain both motor and sensory fiber.s

Back 31

true

Front 32

T/F nerves may be myelinated or unmyelinated.

Back 32

True

Front 33

Name the 5 pathways of sensation for the body.

Back 33

Pain and temperature pathway, Visceral Pain pathway, Crude touch pathway, Fine touch/conscious proprioception and vibratory sense, reflex proprioception.

Front 34

What two types of sensation both use the lateral spinothalamic tract?

Back 34

pain and temp pathway - visceral pain pathway

Front 35

What type of sensation travels through the fasciculus gracilis?

Back 35

fine touch, proprioception, vibratory sense from the lower extremities

Front 36

What type of sensation travels through the fasciculus cuneatus?

Back 36

fine touch, proprioception, vibratory sense from the upper extremities

Front 37

The pain and temperature pathway uses a ____ neuron chain to get to it's target.

Back 37

three

Front 38

The primary afferent neuron in the pain and temp pathway originates in the _____ and synapse in the ______. Does it cross over ?

Back 38

periphery (receptors in the skin), substantia gelatinosa - NO crossing over yet

Front 39

T/F the primary afferent neuron immediately crosses over in the pain and temp pathway.

Back 39

FALSE, the 2nd afferent neuron crosses over.

Front 40

The secondary afferent neuron in the pain and temp pathway originates in the _____ and synapses in the ______. Does it cross over?

Back 40

substantia gelatinosa (where it's cell body is) , VPL (ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus) Yes- via the anterior white commissure

Front 41

Where does the pain pathway cross over? What neuron crosses over?

Back 41

crosses in the ant. white commissure - secondary afferent neuron

Front 42

T/F the pain pathway synapses on an interneuron which synapses on an alpha motor neuron which results in a reflex.

Back 42

True

Front 43

Primary afferent neurons in the pain pathway spread up and down to different spinal levels via the ______ _____.

Back 43

dorsolateral fasciculus

Front 44

The primary afferent neuron synapses on an _________ and ________.

Back 44

interneuron and secondary afferent neuron.

Front 45

Does the secondary afferent neuron in the pathway have collaterals? if so, where do they synapse?

Back 45

yes, above the spinal cord they branch to synapse in the cortex, limbic system, and reticular formation.

Front 46

What type of neuron carries the info in the pain pathway from the spinal cord to the reticular formation and what is the result when activated?

Back 46

secondary afferent, reticular formation is found throughout the brain stem and is responsible for arousal, and activates everything.

Front 47

When the secondary afferent of the path pathway synapse in the limbic system and is activated, what is the result?

Back 47

The limbic system is found within the insula, it is responsible for threat assessment, and memory formation

Front 48

T/F The pain and temp pathway carries noxious stimuli (inflammation, damage)

Back 48

True

Front 49

Pain Pathway - What type of neuron (soma) is found in the VPL of the thalamus? Where does it synapse?

Back 49

tertiary afferent, in the post central gyrus of the association cortex (parietal lobe)

Front 50

Where are the cell bodies found of the primary, secondary and tertiary neurons of the pain pathway?

Back 50

DRG (dorsal root ganglion), substantia gelatinosa, VPL

Front 51

What tract does the 2nd afferent neuron of the pain pathway travel through?

Back 51

lateral spinothalamic tract.

Front 52

T/F the pain pathway is somatotopically organized.

Back 52

True - the lower levels are found more laterally and the upper levels are found more medially within the spinothalamic tract.

Front 53

Describe the pain pathway (types of neurons, where their cell bodies and tracts are found, what their final synapse is and what the result will be)

Back 53

primary afferent neuron brings in pain perception from the periphery (soma in DRG, receptor/'nociceptor' is a specialized free nerve ending that reacts to chemical/thermal/pressure changes) and synapses in the substantia gelatinosa after it's axon collateral extend up and down to other spinal segments via the dorsolateral fasciculus. Primary afferent synapses on interneurons (which synapse on alpha motor neurons = reflex) and 2nd afferent neurons which crosses over via the ant. white commissure and up the lateral spinothalamic tract - and then synapse on the VPL of the thalamus (also has axon collaterals off the 2nd afferent that synapse on the cortex, limbic system, and reticular formation). The tertiary afferent neuron soma lies in the VPL and is activated by the 2nd afferent. The 3rd travels up to the postcentral gyrus of the association cortex and the perception of pain occurs.

Front 54

What tract does the visceral pain pathway use?

Back 54

the lateral spinothalamic tract

Front 55

Where does the visceral pain pathway cross over?

Back 55

WELL - it actually is Bilateral meaning that it doesn't and does cross over, as for the information that does cross over - it crosses over at the level that it the enters spinal cord via the anterior white commissure.

Front 56

Where does the information come from for the visceral pain pathway (what organs or receptors or nerves?)

Back 56

It comes from the sympathetic chain for the (head, heart, and abdominal viscera and blood vessels), and the information coming into the sacral segments come from the pelvic organs via the pelvic splanchnic nerve.

Front 57

Why is it so important that the visceral pain pathway be bilateral?

Back 57

Because the information that it is bringing in is crucial. It comes form organs that are extremely important to the body (head, heart, abdominal viscera and blood vessels, plevic organs)

Front 58

How many neurons are needed to get from the periphery organ to the brain?

Back 58

3, (primary, secondary and tertiary)

Front 59

Why is it so difficult to knock out the visceral pain pathway?

Back 59

Because it is bi lateral

Front 60

Visceral pathway - Where does the perikaryon of the 2nd afferent neuron reside and where does it synapse?

Back 60

in the visceral afferent nucleus, and in the VPL

Front 61

T/F ALL sensory pathways use the dorsal lat. fasciculus to rely information to other spinal segments.

Back 61

True

Front 62

T/F ALL sensory pathways use the interneurons and provide a reflex arc.

Back 62

True

Front 63

What does the tertiary afferent neuron of the visceral pathway synapse in and where does it's soma reside?

Back 63

It synapses in the postcentral gyrus of the association cortex.

Front 64

Where does the 2nd afferent collaterals of the visceral pathway synapse?

Back 64

cortex, limbic system, and reticular formation

Front 65

What tract(s) does the Reflex proprioception pathway use?

Back 65

The anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts.

Front 66

Where does the input from Golgi tendon organs, cutaneous receptors, spinal interneurons, and fibers for descending tract (more related to movement than simply to sensory signals) from the lower extremities of the reflex proprioception pathway cross over?

Back 66

The 2nd afferent neuron crosses over for the first time via the anterior white commissure and then AGAIN at the superior cerebellar peduncle.

Front 67

Is there ever a tertiary neuron associated with the reflex proprioception pathway?

Back 67

Nope! not cerebral cortex related so no need.

Front 68

T/F the sacral region doesn't have a posterior spinocerebellar tract.

Back 68

True

Front 69

Where does the information of tactile, pressure, and proprioception from muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs synapse because the sacral region doesn't contain an posterior spinocerebellar tract in the sacral region?

Back 69

It uses the posterior funiculus (dorsolateral fasciculus) to send axon collaterals to the level that has dorsal nucleus of Clarke so that that message can be relayed to the cerebellum via the posterior spinocerebellar tract.

Front 70

Are more axons devoted to the anterior or posterior spinocerebellar tract?

Back 70

ANTERIOR

Front 71

What sensory information would be found in the anterior spinocerebellar tract?

Back 71

group I muscle afferent (mainly from golgi tendon organs) cutaneous receptors(mechanoreceptors), from spinal interneurons, and from fibers of descending tracts. - related to attempted movement

Front 72

What body part is represented by the anterior spinocerebellar tract?

Back 72

Trunk, lower extremity

Front 73

What peduncle does the anterior spinocerebellar tract use to enter the cerebellum?

Back 73

Superior - where it crosses over for the 2nd time.

Front 74

Where are the soma's of the anterior spinocerebellar tract found?

Back 74

Spinal border cells (T12 - L5)

Front 75

What pathway isn't found in the sacral spinal cord related to reflex proprioception?

Back 75

posterior spinocerebellar tract

Front 76

where does the anterior spinalcerebellar tract cross over 1st?

Back 76

immediatley within the sacral spinal segment it enters via the anterior white commissure

Front 77

Does the posterior spinocerebellar tract decussate?

Back 77

NO

Front 78

Where does an afferent spinal nerve carrying reflex proprioception(from muscle spindles and tendon organs in joints) information synapse in the spinal cord?

Back 78

In the dorsal nucleus of clarke (found in C8-L3 and then goes up the lateral side of the spinal cord via the posterior spinalcerebellar tract - or in spinal border cell - anterior spinocerebellar tract

Front 79

Where are the cell bodies of the neurons that convey information of reflex proprioception and crude touch via the dorsal horn (after synapsed by an incoming sensory afferent neuron) to the thalamus/midbrain (also known as the secondary sensory afferent)

Back 79

In the nucleus proprius (crude) and spinal border cells (reflex pro)

Front 80

T/F sensory afferents carrying reflex proprioception have branching collaterals that synapse in other spinal levels on the dorsal nucleus of clarke

Back 80

True

Front 81

What do the branching primary sensory afferents carrying proprioception information use to get to other spinal segments?

Back 81

the posterior funiculus until high enough to get to secondary afferent (in the dorsal nucleus of clarke (C8-L3)

Front 82

The secondary afferent in the reflex proprioception pathway has it's cell body in the dorsal nucleus of clarke, what pathway does it follow and where does it decussate?

Back 82

the posterior spinocerebellar tract, it stays IPSILATERAL

Front 83

How do the upper extremitites send their proprioceptive information to the cerebellum? What pathway and where does it synapse?

Back 83

It doesn't synpase in the spinal cord, instead the cervical spinal segments carry the information up the posterior funiculus until it reaches the accessory cuneate nucleus of the medulla where it synapses and then the secondary neuron goes through the inferior cerebellar peduncle and becomes a mossy fiber, that will synapse on a granule cell..and so on.

Front 84

what peduncle does the posterior spinocerebellar tract cross thorugh?

Back 84

inferior cerebellar peduncle.

Front 85

What is the final destination of the reflex proprioception pathway?

Back 85

The cerebellum - anterior lobe and the (interposed nuclei)

Front 86

Does the reflex proprioception have a tertiary afferent neuron?

Back 86

NO

Front 87

T/F The reflex proprioception pathway carries info that result in movement such as unconscious pacing, walking...

Back 87

YES

Front 88

Would a lesion in the reflex proprioception pathway be ipsilateral or contralateral.

Back 88

IPSILATERAL - because the posterior spinocerebellar tract crosses over twice - although if you damaged it while it was still in the spinal cord, the lesion would be contralateral to the deficit seen, any other lesion would be seen ipsilateral because the tracts don't cross over.

Front 89

What are the tracts/structures that find touch and vibratory and position sense run through?

Back 89

(both in the posterior funiculus of the spinal cord) - fasciculus gracilis (lower extremities) and nucleus cuneatus (upper extremities ) - > the medial lemniscus in the brainstem to the VPL of the thalamus and then to the postcentral gyrus

Front 90

Where does fine touch and position sense and vibration sense cross over?(conscious proprioception)

Back 90

where the arcuate fibers decussate in the medulla and then become the medial lemniscus

Front 91

Does the conscious proprioception pathway contain reflex pathways via interneurons and use the dorsal lateral fasiculus to have branching collaterals synapse in other levels?

Back 91

YES

Front 92

How many sensory afferents are involved in the medial lemniscal pathway (conscious proprioception)?

Back 92

Three - primary, secondary, and tertiary

Front 93

Where do the primary afferents of the conscious proprioception pathway synapse?

Back 93

In the nucleus gracilius (if from lower extremity) or in the nucleus cuneatus (if upper extremity)

Front 94

Where does the secondary afferent neuron in the medial lemniscal pathway synapse?

Back 94

in the VPL of the thalamus

Front 95

Where does the tertiary neuron of the medial lemniscus originate and synapse?

Back 95

origin: VPL of the thalamus - to the postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex

Front 96

What makes the conscious proprioception pathway unique in it's synapses?

Back 96

It doesn't synpase in the spinal cord, and it crosses over in the brain stem.

Front 97

Information from a pacinian corpuscle coming in to the thoracic segments of the spinal cord would synapse in the______ in the medulla.

Back 97

cuneatus

Front 98

If you lesioned the posterior funiculus of the spinal cord (what pathway - or sensory information would you be lesioning) would the deficit show ipsilateral or contralateral?

Back 98

IPSILATERAL, it hasn't crossed over yet, it is the medial lemniscal pathway, you would be lesioning the fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus

Front 99

What is the groove between the cuneate and the gracilis called?

Back 99

the posterointermediate septum

Front 100

information from joint receptors coming in to the lumbar or sacral segments with travel up the fasciculus __________.

Back 100

gracilis

Front 101

Medial areas of the body are found in medial areas of the spinal cord - this is an example of what?

Back 101

somatotopic organization.

Front 102

the conscious proprioception contains two point discrimination. describe what two point discrimination is.

Back 102

The more receptors that are in the skin (more in the fingers, lips, etc...) so you are able to detect a smaller distance of two points touched to the skin.

Front 103

Is somatotopic organization maintained throughout the conscious proprioception pathway?

Back 103

yes

Front 104

Describe the difference between a nucleus and a ganglia.

Back 104

Nucleus (two or more cell bodies found within the CNS) - ganglia (two or more cell bodies found outside the CNS)

Front 105

What levels is the posterior intermediate septum seen?

Back 105

T6

Front 106

What type of fibers carry info from pacinian corpuscles via the medial lemniscal pathway?

Back 106

A-beta

Front 107

What type of sensory afferent fiber carries unconscious proprioception?

Back 107

IA, II (muscle spindles) Ib (golgi tendon organs)

Front 108

What type of fiber carries info from a hair follicle and what pathway does it follow?

Back 108

A-delta (III), uses the crude touch pathway, (ant. lateral system) - uses the anterior spinothalamic tract.

Front 109

How many neurons does the crude touch system use?

Back 109

Three

Front 110

Where does the primary afferent neuron synapse in the crude touch pathway?

Back 110

in the nucleus proprius

Front 111

Does the crude touch pathway use the dorsal lateral fasciculus to synapse in other spinal segments as well as use an interneuron in a reflex arc?

Back 111

yes

Front 112

Where does the crude touch pathway decussate?

Back 112

in the spinal segment it enters via the anterior white commissure

Front 113

What pathway and in what funiculus does the crude pathway travel through?

Back 113

anterior spinothalamic tract, in the anterior funiculus

Front 114

Where does the secondary afferent neuron synapse in the crude touch pathway?

Back 114

The VPL of the thalamus, cortex, reticular system, limbic system.

Front 115

Where do the tertiary afferent neurons originate and synapse?

Back 115

origin in the VPL of the thalamus and synapse in the cortex - postcentral gyrus

Front 116

Make sure to check out www.medmovie.com/1190 before the exam!

Back 116

Do the animations for the sensory pathways.