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53 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

prejudice

A preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members



Why important?


Prejudice is an attitude. A prejudiced person may dislike those different from self and behaving in a discriminatory manner, believing them to be ignorant and dangerous


- we can have different explicit (conscious) and implicit (automatic) attitudes toward the same target.


- prejudice exists in subtle and unconscious guises as well as overt, conscious forms


- prejudice springs from unequal status and from other social sources, including our acquired values and attitudes


- once established, prejudice is maintained largely by inertia

stereotype

A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people. Stereotypes are sometimes overgeneralized, accurate, innaccurate, and resistant to new information


- to stereotype is to generalize


- the social perception glass is about 90 percent full


- may be positive or negative, accurate or innacurate


- the 10 percent problem with stereotypes arises when they are overgeneralized or just plain wrong.

discrimination

Unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members


- often has its source in prejudicial attitudes

racism

An individual's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given race, or institutional practices that subordinate people of a given race

social dominance orientation

A motivation to have one's group dominate other social groups

ethnocentric

Believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups

authoritarian personality

A personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status

realistic group conflict

Suggests that prejudices arise when groups compete for scarce resources

social identity

The "we" aspect of our self-concept

ingroup

A group of people who share a sense of belonging, a feeling of common identity

outgroup

A group that people perceive as distinctively different from or apart from their ingroup

ingroup bias

The tendency to favor one's own group


- represents human quest for a positive self-concept


- when our group is successful we can make ourselves feel better by identifying more strongly with it

outgroup homogeneity effect

Perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than are ingroup members

own-race bias

The tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race

group-serving bias

Explaining away outgroup members' positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions while excusing such behavior by one's own group

just-world phenomenon

The tendency of people to believe that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

subtyping

Seeing people who deviate from stereotype as exceptions to the rule

subgrouping

Forming a new subgroup stereotype for people who deviate from the original stereotype

stereotype threat

A self-confirming apprehension that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype


- acting in confirmation of the stereotype


- has an immediate effect


- threat from facing a negative stereotype can produce performance deficits

subtle prejudice

Exaggerating ethnic differences, feeling less admiration and affection for immigrant minorities, rejecting them for supposedly nonracial reasons

What is aggression?

Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone


- hostile aggression: springs from anger


- instrumental aggression: aims to injure but only as a means to some other end

Aggression as a biological phenomenon

Jean-Jacques Rousseau blames society, not human nature, for social evils


Thomas Hobbes credits society for restraining the human brute


Sigmund Freud argues that aggressive drive is inborn and thus inevitable

instinctive behavior

An innate, unlearned behavior pattern exhibited by all members of a species

frustration-aggression theory

The theory that frustration triggers a readiness to aggress

frustration

The blocking of goal-directed behavior


- frustration arises from the gap between expectations and attainments

displacement

The redirection of aggression to a safer or more socially acceptable target other than the source of the frustration

relative deprivation

The perception that one is less well off than others with whom one compares oneself

social learning theory

The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished

catharsis

Emotional release. The catharsis view of aggression is that the aggressive drive is reduced when one releases aggressive energy, either by acting aggressively or by fantasizing aggression

ostracism

Acts of excluding or ignoring

proximity

Geographical nearness. Proximity predicts liking


- functional distance: how often people's paths cross


- enables liking due to interaction, anticipatory liking, and mere exposure

interaction

Enables people to explore their similarities, to sense one another's liking, and to perceive themselves as part of a social unit.

anticipatory liking

Expecting that someone will be pleasant and compatible

mere exposure effect

The potential for novel stimuli to be liked more or rated more positively after the rater has been repeatedly exposed to them

physical attractiveness stereotype

The presumption that physically attractive people possess other socially desirable traits as well

reward theory of attraction

The theory that we like those whose behavior is rewarding to us or whom we associate with rewarding events

two-factor theory of emotion

Suggests that in a romantic context, arousal from any source, even painful experiences, can be steered into passion

secure attachment

Attachments rooted in trust and marked by intimacy

avoidant attachment

Attachments marked by discomfort over, or resistance to, being close to others

insecure attachment

Attachments marked by anxiety or ambivalence

equity

A condition in which the outcomes people receive from a relationship are proportional to what they contribute to it

self-disclosure

Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

altruism

A motive to increase another's welfare without conscious regard for one's self-interests

social-exchange theory

The theory that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one's rewards and minimize one's costs.

reciprocity norm

An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

social - responsibility norm

An expectation that people will help those needing help

kin selection

The idea that evolution has selected altruism toward one's close relatives to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes

empathy

Putting oneself in another's shoes; vicarious experience of another's feelings

bystander effect

The finding that a person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders

door-in-the-face technique

A strategy for gaining a concession. After someone turns down a large request, the same requester counteroffers with a more reasonable request

moral exclusion

Regarding others as outside of one's moral concern

moral inclusion

Regarding others as within one's circle of moral concern

overjustification effect

The result of bribing people to do what they already like doing; they may see their actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing