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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Early Childhood: (2-6yrs) what is happening at this age regarding the skeleton? |
new epiphyses emerge lose baby teeth |
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What is happening at this age regarding brain development?
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rapid growth of the prefrontal cortex hemispheres continue to laterize |
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What are the stats for handedness? What does handedness reflect?
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90% right handed 10% left handed reflects dominant cerebral hemisphere right handed are left hemisphere dominant and left handed are right hemisphere dominant |
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What role do growth hormones and TSH play at this age?
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release of thyroxin which is needed for brain growth and gives growth hormone its full impact |
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What are the improved areas of gross motor skills and fine motors skills during early childhood?
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Gross- balance improves, upper and lower body skills combine to more refined actions by age 5, greater speed and endurance. Fine- self-help (dressing/eating), drawing, printing |
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• Dual representation
• Egocentrism –How did Piaget test demonstrate egocentrism? • Animistic Thinking • Conservation |
Dual rep- viewing a symbolic object as both an object, and a symbol ex. pic of the sun, knowing the sun is outside. Egocentrism- failure to distinguish others viewpoints from one's own. ex: telling mom to look at something in the back seat of the car when she is driving and can't see. Animistic Thinking- giving lifelike qualities to inanimate objects Conversation- (2-6 yr olds don't have the ability to do this) understanding that physical characteristics remain the same when outside appearance changes. |
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Centration
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only able to focus on one aspect of a situation
(2-6 yr olds have this) |
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irreversibility
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inability to mentally reverse a series of steps
(2-6 yr olds have this) |
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Vygotsky's sociocultural theory
• Private speech • Zone of Proximal Development • Scaffolding |
private speech- talking to oneself zone of prox. devel.- needs assistance scaffolding- support of an "expert", adults aid learning by adjusting their support to the child's level of performance. |
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Types of preschools
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Child centered- children get to select from a wide variety of activities, learning through play. Acedemic- teachers structure learning, formal lessons are given, letters, numbers, shapes, colors all taught, repetition and drill of information. |
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Vocabulary -Fast mapping
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rapid assumption of vocabulary after hearing the word only one time and making correlation's. |
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Erik Erikson’s 3rd stage Psychosocial Stage
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Initiative versus Guilt initiative- new sense of purposefulness , eagerness to try new tasks, join activities, play permits trying out new skills, strides in conscience development Guilt- overly strict superego or conscienceless, casually too much guilt. related to parental threats, criticism, or punishment. |
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What is unique about the self concept, (how they describe themselves) at this age? (2-6yrs) |
consists largely of strictly observable characteristics like appearance, possessions, behavior, etc. |
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Self-esteem
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self judgements and associated feelings about oneself. |
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Empathy and sympathy
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Empathy- feeling same or similar emotions with another person. Sympathy- feeling for another person |
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What are the different categories of peer sociability in play? (4 Different Types of Play) |
Nonsocial activity- solitary play, unoccupied, the onlooker
Parallel play- plays near other children with similar materials, does not make effort to interact or interest them
Associative play- exchanges in separate activities, exchanges toys and comments
Cooperative play- orients with peers toward a common goal |
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What are some alternatives to harsh punishment?
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time out, withdrawing privileges or toys, positive discipline |
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What is meant by positive discipline?
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encouraging mature behavior, compromising and problem solving, having children participate in family duties and routines, make for teaching opportunities |
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Types of aggression: 1. Proactive (instrumental) 2. Reactive (hostile) - types– 3. physical 4. verbal 5. relational |
1. meant to help the child get something he or she wants. self initiated.
2. meant to hurt someone. defensive response to provocation
3. physical injury 4. calling names, teasing, threats of pays. aggression. 5. social exclusion malicious gossip, friendship manipulation |
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What is meant by gender identity? How is it formed? What are gender stereotypes?
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an image on oneself as relatively masculine or feminine in characteristics. formed by nurture and interests. rigid generalizations of how boys and girls should act or do act. |
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four major child rearing styles- which one is most frequently endorsed as the best style? |
authoritative authoritarian permissive uninvolved most frequently used is authoritative- most successful |
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Authoritative
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most successful, warm, attentive, sensitive to a childs needs. exercise firm, reasonable control, insist on mature behavior and give reasons for their expectations
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Authoritarian
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demands unquestioning obedience. can appear cold and rejecting. often use force and punishment |
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Permissive
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may be warm and accepting, but often overindulgent or inattentive. minimal control. child able to make many of their own decisions early on |
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Uninvolved
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emotionally detached and uninvolved. general indifference to aspects of child rearing maybe too overwhelmed themselves. Neglect is the extreme |
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Four Types of Child Abuse
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physical- assaults resulting in physical injury sexual- fondling, intercourse, porn, other forms neglect- failing to meet children's basic needs. emotional abuse- telling a child they're not good enough |
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Middle Childhood ages |
6-11 years |
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What are the common health problems during middle childhood? |
Malnutrition Obesity Illness (acute) asthma, stomach and head aches |
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What are potential health risks for obese children?
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high blood pressure respiratory problems insulin resistance increase in chance of diabetes heart disease early death cancer |
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What are the new gross and fine motor skills during this age?
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Gross- flexibility, balance, agility, force Fine- writing, drawing |
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Piaget’s 3rd Cognitive Stage |
CONCRETE OPERATIONAL stage Conservation achieved - Decentration - Reversibility - Classification -Seriation -Spatial Reasoning |
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Define: - Decentration - Reversibility |
decentration- ability to focus on several aspects at the same time and relating them all.
reversibility- thinking through a series of steps and then mentally reversing direction |
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Classification
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putting things into groups. separate different dimensions. this is improving by this age |
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Seriation |
order items along a quantitative dimension. becomes efficient around 6-7 years. |
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Spatial Reasoning |
the ability to be able to recreate ones visual experience and reasoning about shape, measurement, depiction, and navigation ex: maps, puzzles, games, etc |
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What are the key gains in information processing and attention? What happens to attention during middle childhood?
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Working memory Attention Strategy Cognitive Self-Regulation Attention becomes more selective, adaptable, and playful. |
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Describe Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
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3 parts 1. analytical 2. creative 3. practical if you had all three of these types of thinking, you were considered to be ideal |
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Describe Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences
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you are good at three of the following topics: everyone has their specific strengths linguistic logico-mathematical musical spatial body-kinesthetic interpersonal intrapersonal |
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Nurture, Nature and IQ |
adoptions studies confirm the influence of both heredity and environment on IQ scores
ethnic differences are largely environmental
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What is meant by a learning disability and what is the requirement for testing “gifted”?
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Neurological disorder where they are as smart or smarter than their peers, but they may have difficulty reading, writing, spelling, reasoning, etc. READING IS THE NUMBER ONE DIFFICULTY. IQ of 130 is required for testing gifted |
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What is the 4th Stage in Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory? Know how to describe this stage.
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Industry vs. Inferiority Industry- developing a sense of competence at useful skills and tasks. school provides opportunity Inferiority- pessimism and lack of confidence in own ability to do things well. negative responses from family, teachers, and peers can contribute to negative feelings. |
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What are the changes in self-concept during this age?
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More balances, fewer all-or-none descriptions. social comparisons are more descriptive "I like to do this…" |
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Role of parenting on self esteem: what parenting method is the best?
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AUTHORITATIVE |
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Mastery oriented vs. learned helplessness
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Mastery oriented: if you do something well, you believe its because you worked hard and earned it. if you do poorly, you believe you can do better. all in ones control. Learned Helplessness: person that feels like their destiny is not within their control. They do good on a test, they feel like they "got lucky" |
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Two Coping Strategies
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Problem solving centered: look at a situation as changeable. identify the difficulty, and decide what to do Emotion centered coping: used when problem centered coping does not work. internal, private, and aimed at controlling distress when little can be done about the outcome |
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Changes in Moral Understanding
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having more Flexibility, Understanding individual rights, Understanding diversity and inequality
instead of seeing the world in black and white, they are starting to see grey areas. |
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What is going on with peer relations during this time
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Peers are becoming more important. organized on basis of similarity. kids want to be with friends now |
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Family relationships – what is co-regulation
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the amount of time children spend with their family increases at this age. co-regulation- a form of supervision in which parents exercise general oversight while letting children take charge of moment by moment decision making and responsibilities |
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What is a blended family? Which type is most frequent?
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outcome of divorced or separated families most common is mother-stepfather |
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What are the benefits and drawbacks of maternal employment? |
higher self esteem positive family and peer relations gives the children someone to look up to (mom and daughter relations) fewer gender stereotypes better grades more of a reason to strive for greatness
MY FAMILY
drawbacks : mother isn't home as often |
