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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Developmental Psychology |
The study of how humans grow, develop, and change throughout their life span. |
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Assimilation |
Child fits new information into already existing themes. |
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Sensorimotor Stage |
(Piaget's theory of cognitive dev.) |birth-2 years| Infants gain understanding of the world through senses and motor activities. Development of object permanence. |
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Preoperational Stage |
(Piaget's theory for cognitive dev.) |age 2-7| Children acquire symbolic function= understanding that one thing can stand for another. |
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Preconventional Level |
Level 1 (Kohlberg's Theory; moral dev.) Reward or punishment, self- interest. Children obey out of fear of punishment. They do good deed for a reward. |
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Conventional Level |
Level 2 (Kohlberg's Theory; moral dev.) Please others, society. Child acts to please and help others. The morality of the social system and conscience. |
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Postconventional Level |
Level 3 (Kohlberg's Theory; moral dev.) General good, internal values. Respect for individual rights and laws. The highest stage of the highest social level. |
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Trust vs. Mistrust |
(Erikson's Theory; psychosocial dev.) |birth to 1 year| Infants learn to trust or mistrust depending on the degree of care, love, and affection provided by parents. |
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Anatomy vs. Shame and Doubt |
(Erikson's Theory; psychosocial dev.) |1 to 3 years| Children learn to express their will and independence, to have some control, and make choices. Or they will experience shame, etc. |
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Initiative vs. Guilt |
(Erikson's Theory; psychosocial dev.) |3 to 6 years| Children begin to plan and undertake tasks, and enjoy developing motor and other abilities. If not allowed, may feel stupid, etc. |
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Industry vs. Inferiority |
(Erikson's Theory; psychosocial dev.) |6 years to puberty|Children develop industriousness and feel pride in accomplishing tasks. If not rebuffed, they may develop a sense of inferiority. |
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Identity vs. Role Confusion |
(Erikson's Theory; psychosocial dev.) |Adolescence| Must make the transition from childhood to adulthood, establish an identity. Otherwise, role confusion can result. |
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Intimacy vs. Isolation |
(Erikson's Theory; psychosocial dev.)
|young adulthood| Must develop the ability to share with, care for, and commit themselves to another person. Or else may develop a sense of loneliness and isolation. |
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Generativity vs. Stagnation |
(Erikson's Theory; psychosocial dev.)
|middle adulthood|must find some way of contributing to the dev. to the next generation. Or they may become self-absorbed, and reach a point of of stagnation. |
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Ego Integrity vs. Despair |
(Erikson's Theory; psychosocial dev.)
|late adulthood|Review their lives, and if satisfied, feel accomplishment, they will experience ego integrity. If not, they might sink into despair. |
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Teratogens |
Harmful agents in the prenatal environment, can cause birth defects. Such as alcohol and smoking. |
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Temperament |
A person's behavioral style or characteristic way of responding to the environment. |
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New York Longitudinal Study |
-Infant temperament is somewhat predictive of personality later in life. -3 types of temperaments; Easy (40%), Difficult (10%), Slow_to warm up (15%) |
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Attachment |
Strong affectionate bond a child forms with the mother or primary caregiver. |
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Authoritarian (Parent Style) |
-Make arbitrary rules, expect unquestioning obedience, punish transgressions. -"because I said so" (anxious, unhappy children) |
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Authoritative (Parent Style) |
-Set high but realistic standards, reason with the child, enforce limits, and encourage open communication and independence. -Freedom within limits (happy, higher self esteem children) |
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Permissive (Parent Style) |
-Make few rules or demands, allow children to make their own decisions and control their own behavior. (immature children) |
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Early Maturation in Boys |
-Advantages in sports -More success academically -MAY have greater aggression or hostility |
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Early Maturation of Girls |
-More self conscious over developing boy -MAY be more sexual or involved in drugs |
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Crystallized Intelligence |
Verbal ability and accumulated knowledge; increases over life span. |
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Fluid Intelligence |
Abstract reasoning and mental flexibility; peaks in the early 20s and declines slowly as people age. |
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Motives |
Need or desire that causes us to generate and direct behavior to a goal. |
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Motivation |
All the processes that initiate, direct, and sustain behavior. |
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Intrinsic Motivation |
The desire to behave in a certain way because it is enjoyable or satisfying in or of itself. |
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Extrinsic motivation |
The desire to behave in a certain way in order to gain some external reward or to avoid some undesirable consequence. |
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Arousal Theory |
-People are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal. -A state of alertness and mental and physical activation |
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Yorkes-Dodson Law |
-Higher arousal for simple tasks -Moderate arousal for moderate tasks -Low arousal for difficult tasks |
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs |
-human needs are hierarchical - starting from bottom needs; physiological needs, safety, love, and belongingness, esteem, self actualization. |
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Need for Achievement |
Behavior results from the need to accomplish something difficult and to perform at a high level of excellence. |
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Anorexia Nervosa |
Overwhelmed, irrational fear of gaining weight. compulsive dieting to the point of starvation. |
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Bullimia |
Repeated and uncontrolled episodes of binge eating. causes are not understood. high rates of OCD, and self injury behavior. |
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Treatment of Eating Disorders |
Treatment is difficult; behavior modification, cognitive- behavioral therapy, and antidepressant meds. are sometime effective. |
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James- Lang Theory |
Emotions when an individual becomes aware of a physiological response to an emotion-provoking stimulus. -Physiological arousal-----> Emotion |
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Cannon-Bard Theory |
Physiological and emotional response are experienced AT THE SAME TIME -Physiological arousal and emotion produced simultaneously... like a CANNON |
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Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory |
Physiological response (step 1) leads to cognition interpretation (step 2), which leads to emotion. -Physiological arousal--->Cognition--->Emotion |
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Lazarus Theory |
Mental processing leads to emotional and physiological response. Mental processing--->emotional and physiological response |
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Men's Emotion |
More likely to express anger in public, but just as likely to express it privately as women. |
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Women's Emotion |
Respond with more emotional intensity than men. Both experience greater joy and sorrow. |
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Stress |
Physiological and psychological response to a condition that threatens or challenges a person and requires adaptation. |
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Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) |
Measures the impact of life events. Ranges from the most to least stressful. -Ranges from 11 to 100 -Score over 300 means a 50% chance of becoming ill within 2 years. |
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Death of Spouse |
Receives highest score on SRRS |
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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) |
Prolonged and severe reaction to catastrophic event. Symptoms may not appear until years later. -Flashbacks, nightmares, and intrusive memories. May suffer from depression, alcoholism, cognitive difficulties, and poor concentration |
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General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) |
There is a predictable sequence of reactions organisms show in response to stressors. |
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Alarm Stage (GAS) |
Fight or flight, initial burst of energy. |
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Resistance Stage (GAS) |
Intense physiological efforts made to resist or adapt to stressor. |
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Exhaustion Stage (GAS) |
Stores of energy deplete; leads to exhaustion and eventually death. |
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Lazarus' Primary and Secondary Appraisal |
Stress results from a person's perception of stressors, and from the stressors themselves. Perception of stress involves primary and secondary appraisals of the situation. |
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Problem-Focused Coping |
Response aimed at reducing, modifying, or eliminating source of stress. |
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Emotion-Focused Coping |
Reappraisal of a stressor to reduce its emotional impact. |
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Type A Behavior Pattern |
Time urgency, impatience, competitiveness, hostility, and anger. Increased risk of coronary heart disease |
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Type B Behavior Pattern |
Relaxed, easygoing approach to life, low time urgency, competitiveness, and hostility. Lower risk of coronary heart disease. |
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Optimism |
Hopefulness and confidence about the future or the successful outcome of something. |
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Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) |
-Bacterial STDs; cured with antibiotics. Chlamydia (most common), gonorrhea (burning, discharges), syphilis (mental disorders). -Viral STDs; Incurable Genital Herpes, HPV (blisters), AIDS (weakens immune system) |
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Personality |
The characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving that distinguish one person from another. |
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Sigmund Freud's Psychoanalysis |
Theory of personality and therapy for treating psychological disorders. Focuses on unconscious forces. |
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Unconscious |
The primary motivating force of human behavior; contains repressed memories, instincts, wishes, and desires. |
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Preconscious |
Thoughts, feelings, memories that we are not consciously aware of but can easily bring to mind. |
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Conscious |
All thoughts, feelings, memories, of which we are aware at a given moment. |
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Id |
Contains life (sexual), and death (aggression) instincts. Completely unconscious. It operates on the pleasure principle. -unconscious animal |
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Ego |
The logical, rational part of personality. Operates on the reality principle. Constraints of real world in deciding right time and place for Id's wishes. -referee |
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Superego |
The moral system of the personality; develops at age 6. Consists of the conscience and the ego ideal. -Goody two shoes |
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Defense Mechanisms |
Used by ego to 1. maintain self esteem and 2. Defend against anxiety created from the Id and superego fighting. |
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Psychosexual Stages of Development |
Sex instinct is the most important factor influencing personality (Freud). Stages involve an erogenous zone that provides pleasure and around which conflict arises. If the conflict is not resolved, the child develops a fixation. |
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Oral |
|Birth to 1 year| Weaning oral gratification from sucking, eating, biting. problems with this stages may result with optimism, gullibility, dependency, hostility, sarcasm, etc. |
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Anal |
|1 to 3 years| toilet training, gratification from expelling and withholding feces. problems with this stage may result cleanliness, orderliness, messiness, rebelliousness, etc. |
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Phallic |
|3 to 5 or 6 years| Oedipal conflict, sexual curiosity, masturbation problems during this stage may result in flirtatiousness, vanity, promiscuity, pride, chastity, etc/ |
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Latency |
|5 to 6 years to puberty| Period of sexual claim interest in school, hobbies, same-sex friends. No results in problems |
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Genital |
|puberty on| Revival of sexual interests, establishment of mature sexual relationships. problems in this stage may result in sexual dysfunctions. |
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Inferiority Complex |
an unrealistic feeling of general inadequacy caused by actual or supposed inferiority in one, sometimes marked by aggressive behavior in compensation
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Conditions of Worth |
Conditions on which the positive regard of others rests. |
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Self-Actualization |
Developing to one's fullest potential. |
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Unconditional Positive Regard |
Unqualified caring and nonjudgmental acceptance of another. |
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Trait Theories |
Attempts to explain personality and differences among people in terms of personal characteristics that are stable across situations. |
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Five-Factor Model |
Attempts to explain personality using 5 broad dimensions: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism (OCEAN)
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Extraversion |
Outgoing, prefer to be around other people. |
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Intraversion |
Shy, prefer to be alone. |
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Reciprocal Determination |
Bandura's idea that the environment, behaviors, and personal/cognitive factors all play a mutual role in the development of personality. |
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External Locus of Control |
Your life is in the hands of fate, luck, or chance. |
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Internal Locus of Control |
You are primarily in control of your behavior and its consequences. |
