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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 functions of nervous system
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1. detection of stimuli (sensory)
2. Integration 3. elicit a response (motor) |
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Where does conduction start?
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Conduction starts at dendrite or cell body, moves towards axon.
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When does complete polarization occur?
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When threshold is met.
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Resting membrane potential
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before any stimulus
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RMP
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-90 millivolts (mV)
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Depolarization
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taking away from resting state
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Refractory period
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resetting after each action potential
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After charge returns to starting point...
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potassium gates open, charge the same as polarized, ions change sides.
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To return to a polarized axon
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Na+/K+ pumps to return to Na+ outside and K+ inside.
3 Na+ pumped = 3 K+ pumped |
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Active transport
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requires ATP
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Reflex arc 5 steps
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1. arrival of stimulus, 2. activation of a sensory neuron, 3. information processing, 4. activation of motor neuron, 5. response by effector
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PNS
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peripheral nervous system
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CNS
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central nervous system
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Spinal cord
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runs from foramen magnum to L2
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cauda equina
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means and looks like a horse's tail. Spinal cord after L2- where spinal tap occurrs, nerve endings splayed out
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Spinal cord
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inner=gray matter, less myolin
outer= white |
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Central canal (spinal cord)
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hole in spinal cord, carries central spinal fluid.
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Spinal nerves
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peripheral, branch off spinal cord. Branch and merge, branch and merge.
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Spinal nerves (how many?)
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31 pair
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From 31 pair, how many plexuses?
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5 plexuses, serve appendages (arm and neck)
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5 plexuses
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2 lumbosacral
2 cervicobrachial 1 coxygeal |
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Ganglia
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clusters of cell bodies, protective feature in PNS,
also Schwann cells |
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Cranial nerves
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come off brain, 12 pair
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PNS protective features
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ganglia and schwann cells
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CNS protective features
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meninges, CSF and ventricles
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Meninges
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found around CNS structures
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3 meningeal layers
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1. dura mater
2. arachnoid layer 3. pia mater |
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Dura mater
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in brain has 2 layers (periosteal and meningeal), thick, means tough mother. On spinal cord dura only.
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Arachnoid layer
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has spiderlike extensions that attach to pia.
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Pia mater
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"gentle mother", very thin, on surface of brain, helps keep ridges and grooves of brain held together.
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CSF
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produced by epithemal cells.
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Choroid plexus
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capillary bed, gives more CSF fluid, found in ventricles
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Ventricles (2)
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spaces, holes in brain. Movement of CSF through ventricles
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CSF flow
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lateral ventricles (2)→3rd ventricle (@thalamus)→cerebral aqueduct→4th ventricle (anterior to cerebellum→central canal OR around spinal cord in dura mater OR back around brain in subarachnoid space → all end up back in lateral ventricles
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Meningitis
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inflammation of meninges (covering around brain and spinal cord). Viral or bacterial. Symptoms- fever and/or soreness in neck.
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Multiple sclerosis
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inflammation of brain and spinal cord caused by autoimmune disorder, harming of myolin.
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Demyolination
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slower action potentials
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Stroke
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decrease in blood flow to brain tissue, caused by thrombosis, embalus, anurysm. No 02 = no cellular respiration.
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Alzheimer's Disease
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Senile dementia combined with changes in cognitive function, memory loss, decrease in neurons in cerebral cortex.
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Headaches (4 types)
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cluster, tension, migrane and sinus
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Cluster headache
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typically in males, cluster patterns, same time every day, most painful
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Tension headache
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muscular stress/tension buildup and pulled, most common, stress related. Helped by relaxing, massage.
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Migrane headache
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maybe caused by food, genetics, medicines, rest, stay out of bright light and noisy places.
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Sinus headache
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increased pressure or fluid or pressure in sinus
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Senses (2 kinds)
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general and special
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General senses
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sense pain, temperature, pressure, vibrations, located virtually everywhere.
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Special senses
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smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium. Located mostly in head. Specialized organs pick up on special senses.
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Olfaction
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chemical based. Smell controlled by CN I.
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Cranial Nerve I (CN VI)
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Olfactory
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Smell- pathway
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Smell enters nose and is received by branches of CNI, sent back to brain by olfactory bulb and tract.
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Moisture in nose
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helps to stimulate nerves
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Smell- memory
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Smell is more closely connected to memory than sight.
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Taste
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Chemical, moisture helps to break down for taste, causes stimulation of neurons in taste buds.
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Cranial Nerve VII (CN VII)
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Facial
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Cranial Nerve IX (CN IX)
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Glossopharyngeal
glosso- tongue pharyngeal- throat |
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Papillae
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bumps on tongue- tatebuds are in some papillae
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Cranial Nerve II (CN II)
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vision
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Cranial Nerve III (CN III)
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occulomotor, movement of eye
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Cranial Nerve IV (CN IV)
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trochlear, movement of eye
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Cranial Nerve VI (CNVI)
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Abducens, movement of eye
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Lacrimal apparatus (purpose)
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clean and protect
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Lacrimal gland
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superior and lateral to each eye, produce tears
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Tears
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water, high concentration of electrolytes and an antibacterial
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Lacrimal punctum
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holes for drainage of tears
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Lacrimal sac
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next to nasal cavity
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Nasolacrimal duct
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drains into nose
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Passage of tears
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lacrimal gland → lacrimal punctum → lacrimal sac → nasolacrimal duct
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Tunics
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layers in eye
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Tunica fibrosa
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external- sclera "whites" of eyes
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Conjunctiva
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thin membrane anterior to sclera in front of eye- vascular (not part of tunica fibrosa)
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Cornea
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clear, avascular
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Tunica vasculosa
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vascular tunic, middle layer. Made up of choroid, ciliary muscle/body and iris.
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Choroid
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blue
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ciliary muscle/body
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near/far vision, produces aqueous humor
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Iris
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color, helps with vision, dialates and constricts pupil (opening)
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Tunica nervosa
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retina and opdic disk
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Retina
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photoreceptors, rods for black and white, cones for color
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Optic disk
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blind spot, where fibers from photoreceptors leave back of eye to form optic nerve (CN II)
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Physiology of vision
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cornea→pupil→lens→vitreous chamber→retina (photoreceptors, roda/cones)→optic chiasma→optic tracks→occipital lobe
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Pupil
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opens more when dark, less when light
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Iris
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controls the size of pupil
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Distant vision
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lens flattened, suspensory ligaments pulling (high tension)
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Near vision
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lens is rounded, ciliary muscles contracted, suspensory ligaments- low tention
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Physiology of ear
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Auricle/pinna→EAM→tympanic membrane→hammer→anvil→stirrup→cochlear fluid (cochlea)→organ of corti→CN VIII→temporal lobe
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Cranial Nerve VIII (CN VIII)
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vestibulocochler, for equilibrium and hearing
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Ossicles
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hammer (malleus)
anvil (incus) stirrup (stapes) |
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Middle ear muscles
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attach to 2 ossicles to help decrease vibrations
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Stapedius muscle
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attach to stapes to help decrease vibrations
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Tensor tympani
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tympanic membrane
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Cochlea
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Filled with fluid. Organ of corti inside with hair cells. Vibrations are sent to CN VIII
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Equilibrium- where and 2 types
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vestibule and semicircular valves
1. Static 2. Rotational |
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Static equilibrium
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where your head is standing still
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Rotational equilibrium
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body and head are moving
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Cerebellum
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interpretation of balance
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Otoliths
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calcium carbonate crystals that slide over hair cells and bend them.
otoliths→hair cells→cerebellum |
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Semicircular ducts
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with rotation, fluid rotates and causes hair cells to bend
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Physiology of equilibrium
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endolymph (fluid)→hair cells→CN VIII→cerebellum
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Deafness (2 types)
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sensorineural
conductive |
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Sensorineural deafness
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damage to hair cells or other neural component
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Conductive deafness
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something wrong with conductive pathways
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Otitis media
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middle ear infection, middle ear filled with fluid and infection
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Myopia
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nearsighted. Focal point too close to lens. See things up close but not far away.
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Hyperopia
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farsighted. focal point too far from lens. Can see things far away, not up close.
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Cataract
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blurred or nontransparent cornea. From age, uv exposure, genetics. Can be transplanted easily.
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Anosmia
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loss of sense of smell, from allergies, infection or trauma
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Endocrine system (vs. nervous system)
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"hardwired" thru CNS/PNS,
control through action potentials and neurotransmitters, quick responses that last a short amount of time, specific tissue/organ |
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Nervous system (vs. endocrine system)
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glands scattered, control through hormones/circulation system, slower responses that last longer, widespread responses (several tissues/organs)
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Function of endocrine system
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homeostasis or control
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Chemical signals
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hormones sent through the blood stream, chemicals produced in 1 place that elicit a response in another.
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Receptors
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receive and respond to hormones
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3 receptor responses
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1. alter permeability of membrane ↑ or ↓, 2. increase/activation of reactions inside cells, 3. ↑↓ activity of hormones
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Release of hormones
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controlled by negative feedback mechanisms
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Calcitonin- how negative feedback works
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↑ Ca+ in blood, thyroid gland produces calcitonin, osteoblasts activated, ↓ Ca2+ in blood - return to homeostasis (turn off production of calcitonin)
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Hypothalamus
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effects anterios pituitary, produces releasing or inhibiting hormones. Master control component of endocrine system
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Pituitary gland
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2 parts, anterior and posterior
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hyperthyroidism
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↑ production of thyroid hormone, ↑ metabolic rate, hyperactive personality
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hypothyroidism
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↓ production of thyroid hormone
hair loss, dry skin, brittle nails ↑ weight |
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goiter
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enlarged thyroid gland
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Diabetes mellitus type I
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IDDM- insulin dependent, does not produce insulin or lacks receptors
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Diabetes mellitus type II
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NIDDM- non insulin dependent, does not need insulin injections
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Giantism
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growth hormone produced too much during growth period
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Dwarfism
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too little growth hormones during growth period
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Acromegaly
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after grown period, increased size of feet, hands and head grow wider thicker.
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Anterior Pituitary hormones
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Growth hormone (GH), Thyroid Stimulating hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Follicle Stimulation Hormones (FSH), Lutenizing hormone (LH), Prolactin (PRL)
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GH Growing hormone
Target and Functions |
T: All tissues/cells
F: Promotes growth |
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TSH Thyroid stimulating hormone
T and F |
T: Thyroid gland
F: Stimulates thyroid gland |
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ACTH Adrenocorticotropic hormone
T and F |
T: adrenal cortex
F: stimulates adrenal cortex |
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FSH follicle stimulating hormone
T and F |
T: ovaries, testes
F: Stimulates gonads |
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LH lutenizing hormone
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T: Ovaries, testes
F: Stimulates gonads |
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PRL Prolactation
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T: mamary glands
F: promotes milk production (lactation) |
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Posterior pituitary hormones
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), Oxytocin (OT)
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Thyroid
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Thyroid hormone (Ths), Calcitonin
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Parathyroid hormone
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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Adrenal Cortex Hormones
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Cortisol, Aldosterone
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Adrenal Medulla Hormones
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Epinephrine
(sympathetic) |
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Pancreas hormones
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insulin, glucagon
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Testis hormone
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testosterone
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Ovaries hormones
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estrogen, progesteron
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Thymus hormone
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thymosin
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Pineal hormone
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melatonin
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
T and F |
T: Kidneys
F: promotes reabsorption of water |
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Oxytonin
T and F |
T: Uterus, mammary glands
F: promotes contractions of uterus during childbirth, milk ejection from mammary glands |
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Thyroid hormones (THs)
T and F |
T: All tissues/cells
F: promotes growth, increases metabolic rate, released in response to TSH |
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Calcitonin
T and F |
T: blood/bone
F: decreases blood calcium levels (response to blood calcium level) |
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
T and F |
T: Bone/blood
F: Increases blood levels (response to blood calcium level) |
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Cortisol
T and F |
T: All tissues/cells
F: active in times of stress: metabolism of carbs, proteins and lipids |
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Aldosterone
T and F |
T: Kidney
F: Maintains electrolyte balance |
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Epinephrine
T and F |
T: Sympathetic NS tissues
F: Increases heart rate, blood pressure |
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Insulin
T and F |
T: All tissues/cells
F: Decreases blood sugar (in response to sugar in blood stream) |
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Glucagon
T and F |
T: All tissues/cells
F: Increases blood sugar (in response to sugar in blood stream) |
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Testosterone
F |
F: Development of sexual organs, maturation of sperm cells
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Estrogen
F |
Development of sexual organs, regulation of menses, oocyte production
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Progesterone
F |
F: Development of sexual organs, regulation of menstrual cycle, oocyte productions
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Thymosin
T and F |
T: T cells
F: active in immunity |
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Melatonin
F |
F: Circadian rhythms/sleep cycles
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Stomach (function of hormones)
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hormones that promote digestion
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Small intestine (function of hormones)
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hormones that promote digestion
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Kidneys (hormone and function)
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H: erythropoietin
F: stimulates RBC production |
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Placenta (function of hormones)
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maintain pregnancy, prepare for lactation
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Tropic
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has an effect on another tissue/target
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