Test 3

Front 1

the least serious problem caused by polling/ the two most serious problems?

Back 1

bandwagon effect/ illusion of central tendency and illusion of saliency.

Front 2

assumption that attitudes are "normally distributed"// tend toward the average or center.

Back 2

illusion of central tendency

Front 3

distribution on an issue like abortion, where the population is polarized: very few neutral, but many strongly agree/disagree

Back 3

bimodal distribution

Front 4

public opinion trait where an individual holds conflicting attitudes about an issue

Back 4

ambivalence

Front 5

in polling, this is the result of mixing different opinions through mechanical limits of questionaires & multi-choice responses.

Back 5

artificial consensus: caused by overlooking many issues' complexities

Front 6

In polling, this is created by those who think something is more important to the public than it is

Back 6

illusion of saliency

Front 7

3 advantages of Mail or Internet as interviewing method

Back 7

cheap, no interviewer effects, question is asked exactly how the pollster wants it to be.

Front 8

3 Disadvantages of Mail as interviewing method.

Back 8

survey must be short, pollster is not certain of who is filling out the poll, and Anonymity is not necessarily maintained.

Front 9

3 disadvantages of in person interviews

Back 9

More expensive, Interviewer must be present, less control over the interviewer

Front 10

advantage of in-person interview

Back 10

long surveys are possible.

Front 11

3 Disadvantages of internet surveys:

Back 11

1. different samples obtained based on whether the survey is on email or general internet locale

Biases-- 2. wealthy people use the internet, 3. old people don't use internet

Front 12

most of the time, is there congruence or incongruence bt/w Public Opinion and Public Policy?

Back 12

Congruence!

Front 13

what causes Congruence bt/w Public Opinion & Pub. Policy

Back 13

public policy follows the trends of public Opinion, b/c they want to be re-elected

Front 14

T or F. There is congruece on the broader issues, such as civil liberties, free market, etc.

Back 14

True.

Front 15

Give 2 examples of incongruence bt/w public opinion and policy

Back 15

prayer in schools, gun control.

Prayer doesn't exist in schools, and gun control is weak.

Front 16

List a major cause of incongruence bt/w Public Opinion and Pub. Policy, that leads to Public Policy following the Minority.

Back 16

intense minorities typically win over passive majorities

Front 17

What is the main that ensures public Policy will always tend to be congruent w/ Opinion

Back 17

Electoral College; politicians are "electoral creatures"

Front 18

List 3 levels of political participation:

Give an example of each:

Back 18

Conventional, Unconventional, Extremely Unconventonal

voting and campaigning
Petitions or protests
violence

Front 19

The 7 Demographic factors that predict voter turnout, and give the higher turnout category of each factor.

Back 19

sex; women
race; white
income; high income
region; south has least t/out because elexns are never close in the south.
Age: incr. w/ age until 75
Martial Status: Married-- more connected to the political system
Education; higher education

Front 20

Why is education the most important demographic factor related to political participation?

Back 20

ability to understand candidates and ability to understand procedures for getting registered.

Front 21

list 4 non-Demographic factors of political participation

Back 21

Closeness of campaign, Other political races happening simultaniously (so already at the polls), Party contacting, and Registration

Front 22

T or F. The closer the campaign, the higher the turnout. Why?

Back 22

True because people feel that their vote actually counts. Also, more info is made about candidates in close races.

Front 23

what's the most important non-demographic factor of political participation.

Back 23

Registration

Front 24

the voting problem of incomplete information/ of choosing alternatives w/o knowing fully the details of available options.

Back 24

Adverse Selection

Front 25

problem in elections caused by 'hidden action.' Principals don't know all aspects of the axns taken by an agent.

Back 25

moral hazard; exists because agents cannot be easily monitored in their behavior

Front 26

turnout has been increasing since the start of the 20th century. T or F.

Back 26

False. Decreasing!

Front 27

When were registration requirements instated and how did they affect turnout? Why?

Back 27

In the early 20th century; Registration requirements decr. turnout b/c voting fraud was eliminated and b/c the ballot was not secret

Front 28

What is the electoral format intro'd in the 1890's where all candidates for any given office were listed on the ballot? how did this affect turnout?

Back 28

Australian ballot. Voter turnout increased because it was a "Secret Ballot"

Front 29

ballot where each party had it's own ballot, and one would have to vote for one party only; also, this ballot revealed what party you voted for.

Back 29

partisan ballot.

Front 30

what introduced split-ticket voting to American politics?

Back 30

Australian ballot

Front 31

What was the 1993 bill that intended to expand voter participation?

Back 31

motor voter bill

Front 32

List 3 changes in the mid 1960's that altered the way elections are conducted and also increased voter turnout

Back 32

Voting Rights act 1965
1. eliminated literacy tests and
2. established nat'l registrars; registering @ the nat'e registrar would prevent discrimination b/c this happened at the county courthouses.
3. Abolished poll taxes

Front 33

Today, ID's are asked of people at polls. Some consider this a modern day ______.

Back 33

Poll tax

Front 34

Why did the Voting Rights Act 1965 not incr. voter turnout?

3 reasons

Back 34

1. enfranchisement of 18-20 yr. olds in 1972 (broadening the spectrum causes decr.)
2. Attitude chngs- decline of political efficacy and party identification
3. Incr. marraige age; puts off political connection.

Front 35

Why should turnout have gone up in the past 40 yrs? 4 reasons:

Back 35

Incr. education rates, easier registration, residency requirements shortened, and institutional improvements such as VRA of 1965 have taken place.

Front 36

what is political efficacy?

Back 36

the belief that you matter in the scheme of things when voting

Front 37

bt/w 1964-68 what happened to voter turnout in the south? for whites? for non--whites?

Back 37

white turnout increased dramatically, and non-whites incr. even more dramatically

Front 38

How does the US compare to other countries w/ voter turnout?

Back 38

it is low: 50% for pres. elections.

Front 39

3 reasons why other countries have higher turnout rates. they have...

Back 39

mandatory voting laws, automatic voter registration, and less elections

Front 40

list 4 proposals to incr. turnout in the US.

Back 40

Move Election day to monday and make a holiday;
voting hrs longer to deter lines;
election day registration;
motor voter

Front 41

The presidential electors from each state who meet in their respective state capitals after the popular election to cast ballots for pres/and vise pres.

Back 41

electoral college

Front 42

apportionment of voters in districts in such a way as to give unfair advantage to one political party

Back 42

gerrymandering

Front 43

removal of public office by popular vote.

Back 43

recall

Front 44

voting based on future performance of a candidate

Back 44

prospective voting

Front 45

voting based on past performance of a candidate

Back 45

retrospective voting

Front 46

private groups estalished by corporations, labor unions, or interest groups to raise & distribute funds for use in election campaigns

Back 46

political action committee

Front 47

independent spending by individuals or interest groups on a campaign issue but not directly tied to a particular candidate

Back 47

issue advocacy

Front 48

unregulated contributions to nat'l parties nominally to assist in party building or voter-registration efforts rather than for particular campaigns

Back 48

soft money

Front 49

in terms of presidential victors and policy preferences, does voter turnout matter?

Back 49

no

Front 50

define these views on voting.
1.positive apathetics
2. Elitist Argument
3. Cynics Argument

Back 50

1. it doesn't matter, it's gonna be good no matter what.
2. Low turnout isn't bad, it can be a good thing!
3. It's gonna be bad no matter what, whoever wins.

Front 51

what is the purpose of nat'l conventions?

Back 51

unify the party, nominate the pres & vice pres., and determine the party platform and rules

Front 52

What is the Party platform

Back 52

describes what the party stands for.

Front 53

How are delegates at the national convention chosen?

Back 53

primary elections: Caucuses or primaries

Front 54

diff. bt/w caucus and primaries

Back 54

primaries are like gen'l election but w/in one party, and caucuses are small group meetings.

Front 55

what is the maximum amount a PAC can donate to a candidate? how many candidates do thay have to fund for campaigns?

Back 55

$5000 / 5

Front 56

How can a candidate qualify for matching funds?

Back 56

raise at least $5000 in contributions of no more than $250 in each of 20 states.

Front 57

What is the max contribution an Individual canmake to a candidate in a single election?

Back 57

$2,000

Front 58

What is the max $ of matching funds a candidate can receive in an election?

Back 58

$5 million

Front 59

what is the most accurate polling technique?

Back 59

probability sampling

Front 60

characteristics of a liberal

Back 60

supports political and social reform, gov't intervention in the economy, expansion of fed'l social services, bigger efforts to help women, poor, and minorities;
and greater concern for consumers and the environment.

Front 61

Conservative qualities:

Back 61

support social and economic status quo,
are suspicious of efforts to intro new political formulas and economic arrangements;
believe that a large powerful gov't poses a threat to citizens' freedoms.

Front 62

what is a cohesive set of beliefs that form a general philosophy about the role of the gov't?

Back 62

political ideology

Front 63

what is a procedural device that permit large numbers of people w/ common interests to join together uner a representative party to bring a lawsuit?

Back 63

Class Action suit

Front 64

2 types of judicial philosophies about how to look at the constitution to derive meaning

Back 64

judicial restraint-- look only at the text
judicial activism-- look beyond the text for meaning.

Front 65

who writes the opinion of a verdict once it is reached?

Back 65

Chief justice// senior justice if chief isn't on the winning side.

Front 66

Opinion written by a justice with the minority opinion:

Back 66

dissenting opinion

Front 67

written documents where attorneys use case precedents to explain why the court should rule a certain way.

Back 67

briefs

Front 68

decision by an appellate court, w/o a written opinion, to refuse the review of a decision made by a lower court

Back 68

per curiam

Front 69

what are Amicus Curiae

Back 69

friends of the court. those who submit amicus briefs

Front 70

This man is 3rd in status in the Justice Department. He is the top government lawyer.

Back 70

solicitor general

Front 71

what is the right of every citizen against arbitrary action by nat'l or state gov'ts?

Back 71

due process

Front 72

situation where a previous decision by a court applies as a precedent in similar cases until that decision is overruled.

Back 72

stare decisis
'let the decision stand'

Front 73

prior cases whose principles are used by judges for their decision in a present case

Back 73

precedent.

Front 74

what's a plea bargain?

Back 74

negotiated agreement in a criminal case where the defendent agrees to plead guilty if the court will reduce the severity of the charge.

Front 75

What is the Miranda Rule?

Back 75

Principles that persons under arrest must be informed of their legal rights, including their right to counsel, prior to police interrogation.

Front 76

what is Writ of Certiorari?

Back 76

The decision of 4 out of 9 justices to review a decision of a lower court.

Front 77

What's Writ of Habeas Corpus?

Back 77

Order demanding that a person in custody come to the court and shown the cause of detention.

Front 78

What is the individual or organization who brings a complaint in court called?

Back 78

Plantiff

Front 79

What electoral system does America use? do most European nations use?

Back 79

Plurality System// Proportional representation.