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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cancer
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Chronic, and with few known exceptions, a noninfectious disease characterized by the uncontrolled duplication of malignant cells that form tumors which may spread rapidly throughout the body
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Cancer Latency
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Hidden because diagnosis may occur 15-40 years after the cancerous cells start to develop
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Cancer at Cellular Level
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Mutation(damage) to genes must occur; cancerous cells are the result of the replications of cells containing mutated genes. Either they shut down or overproduce.
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Mutation
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Damage to genes or cells
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Initiator
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Substance or event that sensitizes the cells genes to damage
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Prompter
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substance or event that damages the genes
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Percentages
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10-30% of cancer is inherited. 70-90% brought on by diet, lifestyle and exposure to carcinogens.
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Cancer in Men
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31% Lung
10% Prostate 10% Colon and Rectum 5% Pancreas 1 in 2 lifetime risk |
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Cancer in Women
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27% Lung
15% Breast 10% Colon and Rectum 6% Ovary 1 in 3 lifetime risk |
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Cancer Linked to Diet
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70-90% linked to diet and lifestyle choices.
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Nutritional Cal vs Heat cal
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Heat cal is amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water 1 degree from 14.5-15.5
Nutritional Cal is equal to 1000 heat calories |
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Metabolizing Cals
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# of calores generated by metabolizing 1 gram of:
Fat: 9 Cal Protein: 4 Cal Carbohydrate: 4 Cal Alcohol: 7 Cal |
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Saturated Fat
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Harder to metabolize. Ex: Dairy is high in saturated fat. A fat with only saturated fatty acids.
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Monounsaturated
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Easier to metabolize. Ex: Nuts and avocados. Contain a single double bond.
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Polyunsaturated
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Easier to metabolize. Ex: Fish,cereal, whole grain wheat. Contain more than one double bond.
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Cholesterol
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Odorless, white, powdery substance present only in foods of animal origin. Function: used to make cell membranes and certain hormones. Two main types: HDL(good) and LDL(bad)
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Artery Clogger
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LDL: makes up 60-70% of total cholesterol. Causes plaque fo build up inside of arteries.
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Vitamins
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Organic compounds; they are coenzymes (protein catalysts that facilitate important biological reactions essential to life); aslo called micronutrients.
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Vitamin Amount Needed in Body
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micrograms (mcg) to milligrams (mg) daily.
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Two Types of Vitamins
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Water Soluble: 10 total, excess is secreted through urine. Ex: B1 B2 B3 B6 Biotin B12 C
Fat Soluble: 4 total. excess is stored in fat cells where they may accumulate to toxic levels. Ex: A D E K |
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Overdose of Water Soluble
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an excess of one vitamin may interfere with the absorption of another. It also stresses the kidneys because they filter the excess out
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Minerals
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Inorganic substances that serve as structural components of body parts and regulate important body processes. Needed in .5-2000 mg/day
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Mineral Function
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Transmission of electrochemical messages in nervous system
Control bodily fluid acidity Control balance of fluids Regulation of muscle contraction Regulation of digestion Oxygen transport |
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Recommended Diet
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No more than 30% fat. At least 60% carbohydrates. No more than 10% protein.
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Complex Carbohydrates
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Starchy foods. Ex: Brown rice, oats, whole wheat products, and corn.
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Dietary Fiber
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Only found in food of plan origin. Two types: soluble and insoluble. adequate consumption of insoluble fiber decreases residence time of waste in the bowels. Adequate consumption of soluble fiber helps to slightly lower blood cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease.
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Phytonutrients
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Plant derived nutrients. Multi-vitamin wont remedy all deficiencies because some are only found in plants and not all have even been discovered.
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Indoor Radon Gas
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Major source of indoor radon gas is radon being spent from natural uranium in the soil seeping through cracks in rocks, porous construction materials, uncapped sumps, drains, and through gaps between utilities.
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Radon Gas
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if radon gas enters the lung and radioactively decomposes a released alpha particle could mutate a cell and cause cancer. Risk factors: Its colorless, odorless and radioactive. Easily breathable. Long term exposure is what is really dangerous. Reduces to Polonium 218 and 214. Air inside lungs is there 30 minutes the half life for these particles are very short so the chance of it being released in the lung is 1 in 15,000
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Reducing Radon
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Improve cross ventilation
Seal or cover radon entryways. Pre Construction: ventilation system which literally sucks radon up through a pipe and out of the roof. |
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Sources of Common Combustion Pollutants
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air pollutants resulting when the combustion gases of fossil fuels of other carbon containing fuels or volatile organic compounds are improperly vented or inadequately combusted. Sources: fireplaces, coal stoves, gas appliances, water heaters, cooking ranges, clothes dryers., kerosene heaters, camping cook stoves.
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Asbestos
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Collective name for 2 families of minerals that are flexible, fire resistant and durable; one group of minerals is quite fibrous and the other typically consists of small needles.
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Asbestos Consequences
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15-40 after prolonged exposure. Causes lung tissue scarring because they are like little barbs.
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Stratospheric Ozone
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pale blue gaseous molecule composed of three O atoms. Function: absorbs 95% of UV radiation.
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Synthetic Ozone Depleters
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CFCs: Freons which are less dense than air and they get carried up into the ozone by air currents. Reach ozone and stay there for 25-400 years. They react with the UV light to form Cl F and C. Cl and O3 react to form 2 different things, both of which are not ozone. Cl destroys 100000 ozone molecules before its naturally purged.
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Consequences of Ozone Depletion
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Increase in skin cancer
Increase eye damage Declines in autoimmune response in humans Plant Productivity projected to decline Enhances greenhouse effect and global warming. |
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Greenhouse Effect and Ozone Depletion
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Decreased plant productivity means more CO2 in air. Making more absorbed radiated heat.
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Ground Level Ozone
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AKA Smog. Ozone produced in the lower troposphere. A component of photochemical smog. Photochemical smog: UV light interacting with fossil fuel combustion gases, especially nitrogen oxides. Permanent lung tissue scarring and loss of pulmonary function.
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Refers to a broad band of energies created by the movement of electrons.
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Earth Wobble Effects on Climate
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The suns energy output fluctuates cyclically.
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Solar System Formation Explanation
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Must explain:
all planets orbit the sun in the same direction in elliptical orbits that lie nearly in the same plane. Most satellites also have similar orbits. The planets, except Venus and Uranis rotate around their axis in the same direction as their orbit around the Sun. The distance of each planet from the sun is roughly twice that of the next planet closer. The sun rotates much slower than astronomers think it should. The giant and terrestrial planets have chemical and physical differenes. |
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Nebular Theory
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A huge nebula condensing under its own gravitational attraction then contracting, rotating, and flattening into a disk with the sun forming in the center and then material gathering to form planets. As the sun contracts it begins to shine visibly. Intense solar radiation blows away gas and dust until finally the sun begins fusion and planets complete formation.
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Edge of The Universe in Light Years
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14 billion light years.
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Composition of Universe
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Dark Energy: 73%
Visible Matter: 4% Dark Matter: 23% |
