Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
The cycles of matter we have studied so far are?
|
The Big Bang creates hydrogen, helium and energy
Stars form and begin creating elements up to iron Supernova explosions create heavier elements |
|
|
|
The cycles of matter we have studied so far are?
|
The Big Bang creates hydrogen, helium and energy
Stars form and begin creating elements up to iron Supernova explosions create heavier elements Planets form from the elements created in stars Life arises from the chemical diversity of the elements |
|
|
|
The Universe is 13.6 billion years old
It has been characterized thus far by: Expansion Cooling Condensation Transformation This process is known as? |
Timescales
|
|
|
|
The Universe will continue these processes into the far future
What about shorter scales of time, smaller scales of distance? We associate this affect with: |
A one-way street
|
A type of street sign
|
|
|
These are any periodic motion can give rise to cycles of motion and change. In it, life constantly recycles matter and energy
|
Cyclers and Recyclers
|
It goes in a circle
|
|
|
These are any periodic motion can give rise to cycles of motion and change. In it, life constantly recycles matter and energy
|
Cyclers and Recyclers
|
It goes in a circle
|
|
|
Few_____are independent of other _____
Interwoven, interdependent_____can be difficult to perceive |
Cycle
|
|
|
|
Oceans (96%)
Ice caps and glaciers (3%) Ground water (1%) Lakes, rivers and streams (0.009%) The atmosphere (0.001%) Biological organisms (0.0001%) |
Hydrologic cycle reservoirs
|
|
|
|
Within reservoirs
Ocean currents and atmospheric winds Transport in aquifers Between reservoirs Evaporation Rainfall Stream and river flow |
Water movement
|
|
|
|
Ocean and air currents move heat
Heat as a temperature difference Heat as latent heat Which means that! |
Water moves energy
|
|
|
|
Evaporation changes heat energy into___________
Condensation changes_______back to heat energy |
Latent heat
|
The opposite of manifest
|
|
|
Began about two million years ago
There may have been more extreme episodes in the distant past |
Ice ages
|
Where do glaicers come from?
|
|
|
Began about two million years ago
(Roughly) 100,000-year intervals of glaciation caused by slightly lower global temperatures 10,000 to 15,000-year interglacial periods There may have been more extreme episodes in the distant past |
Ice ages
|
SO FRICKIN COLD DUDE! lol
|
|
|
What do ice age glaciers do?
|
Push the ground around, deforming the land
Depress the land Lower the oceans |
|
|
|
What causes ice ages?
|
Some uncertainty
Is it a natural resonance? Is it a forced response? Or is it a combination of the above? |
|
|
|
Changes in the Earths orbit and tilt cause changes in the amount/distribution of solar energy
Milankovitch cycles |
Forced response
|
|
|
|
The magnitude of the Earths______varies from 24.5 to 21.5 degrees
41,000 years |
Axis tilt
|
This makes the seasons stronger or weaker
|
|
|
The roundness of the Earth changes with time100,000 years
This affects extremes of temperature |
Orbit shape (eccentricity)
|
This is the name of Judy Jetson's high school
|
|
|
The direction of the Earths axis slowly changes23,000 years
This interacts with orbit shape and the distribution of land |
Precession
|
|
|
|
Bell modes of change
Cycles of change with periods determined by somethings structure |
Natural resonance
|
|
|
|
Energy flows at different rates between the ocean, land and atmosphere
These interactions can cause selected cycle periods to be enhanced (resonate) Therefore the earth is a ________ |
Bell structure
|
Fresh Prince of ____ air
|
|
|
Ice ages cause?
|
Random forcing causes the Earths climate to resonate, producing ice ages
Milankovitch forcing controls the timing of ice ages, not the period |
|
|
|
Plate tectonics arranged the continents to favor resonance?
Mountain position and orientation Tropical vs. extratropical A change in heat transport through the mantle? At what period in time? what year |
2000 B.C.
|
Before christ and at the time of the dinosaurs
|
|
|
Cycles of all time spans
Ice ages: 100,000s of years Minor climate changes: decades to centuries El Niño: one to three years Seasonal changes: one year Hurricanes: weeks Cyclones: days Thunderstorms: hours Wind gusts: seconds |
Atmospheric cycles
|
|
|
|
This is an average of some variable over time
|
Climate
|
|
|
|
_______is an actual occurrence of that variable at a particular time
|
Weather
|
|
|
|
Temperature
Pressure Humidity Cloudiness Winds are known as? |
Basic weather variables
|
|
|
|
Cools rapidly with height above the Earths surface
The atmosphere is layered because of__________ Stability Mixing |
Temperature
|
It also states if you have a fever.
|
|
|
Decreases rapidly with height above the Earths surface
______at their centers, lowest ______ around their edges |
Pressure
|
Fat people usually have high blood_______
|
|
|
Cools rapidly with height above the Earths surface
The atmosphere is layered because of__________ Stability Mixing |
Temperature
|
It also states if you have a fever.
|
|
|
Temperature
Pressure Humidity Cloudiness Winds are known as? |
Basic weather variables
|
|
|
|
_______is an actual occurrence of that variable at a particular time
|
Weather
|
|
|
|
Temperature
Pressure Humidity Cloudiness Winds are known as? |
Basic weather variables
|
|
|
|
Cools rapidly with height above the Earths surface
The atmosphere is layered because of__________ Stability Mixing |
Temperature
|
It also states if you have a fever.
|
|
|
Decreases rapidly with height above the Earths surface
______at their centers, lowest ______ around their edges |
Pressure
|
Fat people usually have high blood_______
|
|
|
Decreases rapidly with height above the Earths surface
______at their centers, lowest ______ around their edges A difference in________between two locations can cause wind A change in_________with time at a particular location can indicate the movement of highs and lows |
Pressure
|
Fat people usually have high blood_______
|
|
|
This is denoted as relative or dew point temperature
|
Humidity
|
|
|
|
Generally tied to humidity
Clouds are formed when air is lifted |
Cloudiness
|
|
|
|
This is denoted as relative or dew point temperature
|
Humidity
|
|
|
|
Generally tied to humidity
Clouds are formed when air is lifted |
Cloudiness
|
Its effects are
foggy sky promotes cooler days & warmer nights Clear sky promotes nighttime fog |
|
|
Its speed is determined by pressure forces and friction
Direction is determined by locations of highs and lows, Coriolis force |
Winds
|
It is also one of the planetters rings on the cartoon Captain Planet
|
|
|
These are caused by the temperature difference between land and ocean
|
Sea breezes & monsoons
|
|
|
|
Driven by the uneven heating of the Earths surface
Broken up into three belts by the Coriolis force |
Global atmospheric circulation
|
|
|
|
Polar Easterlies
Subpolar Lows Midlatitude Westerlies Subtropical Highs NE Trade Winds ITCZ SE Trade Winds Subtropical Highs Midlatitude Westerlies Subpolar Lows Polar Easterlies Is known as the _________of Earth |
Three-cell circulation model
|
|
|
|
Small, short-lived
Tornadoes Hail, strong winds and other nasties |
Thunderstorms
|
|
|
|
Large, energetic
Draw energy from ocean through latent heat |
Hurricanes
|
|
|
|
A change in the circulation of atmosphere above the equatorial pacific
Causes changes in the water temperature off the western coast of South America Global impact? |
El Niño
|
|
|
|
Solar energy (visible light) passes through the Earths atmosphere and is absorbed by the ground
The ground radiates infrared radiation upward Greenhouse gases absorb some of the infrared radiation, then radiate new infrared radiation both upward and downward |
Greenhouse effect
|
It is a possible cause for Global Warming
|
|
|
Energy in = Energy out
Solar energy in = the sum of all energy out Reflection Infrared from the surface directly to space Infrared from the atmosphere directly to space |
An equilibrium
|
In economics it means the input output analysis
|
|
|
What constitutes a change in equilibrium?
|
Changing solar energy in
Changing the amount of reflection Changing the way the surface emits infrared radiation Changing the way the atmosphere absorbs and emits infrared radiation |
|
|
|
Changes the equilibrium, making it warmer
The Big Question: How much change produces how much warming? Which constitutes changing what types of gasses |
Increasing greenhouse gases
|
The opposite of red is?
|
|
|
Will it be one degree warmer?
No major economic impact Or will it be five to ten degrees warmer? Catastrophic effect on economy and ecology When do we predict this happening? |
50 years, half-century from now (so about the year 2054
|
|
|
|
Energy is derived primarily from fossil fuels which produce CO2
Energy consumption will increase rapidly in this century, producing enormous amounts of CO2 |
The fundamental problem
|
|
|
|
Changing to a new energy source would be expensive
Relying on alternative energy sources would retard development of non-industrial nations |
Economic costs
|
It involves MONEY spending prices
|
|
|
What have been some options to do about this potential problem of energy shortage?
|
Nothing
Energy conservation Research New energy sources GHG reduction strategies Climate modification Legislation & treaties |
|
|
|
Processes that create, alter or modify rocks
A rock reservoir is called a formation |
The rock cycle
|
This repeating patten process with rocks defines!
|
|
|
These rocks form from molten material
Below ground: intrusive Above ground: volcanic or extrusive |
Igneous rocks
|
it sound like iguana but it aint
|
|
|
Diverging plate boundaries
Active volcanoes Areas with geothermal activity |
Current creation locations
|
The process of making something is called!
|
|
|
Began about 1.1 billion years ago
Stopped before an ocean basin could form |
Mid-continent rift
|
When land moves via techtonic plates what happens?
|
|
|
Dark red-brown basaltic rocks
Seen along Lake Superior's north shore From massive outpouring of lava through fractures or cracks along the rift Gooseberry Falls State Park showcases these lava flows |
Minnesota's basalt
|
|
|
|
Similar in composition to rocks on the moon
Composed almost entirely of feldspar Intruded into lava flows that formed during the opening of the mid-continent rift. |
Minnesota's anorthosite
|
Where do you live and what is its geographical location?
|
|
|
Composed predominantly of the minerals feldspar, quartz, mica, and hornblende
Formed deep below the surface of mountain ranges |
Minnesota's granite
|
Type of rock located in this state!
|
|
|
Caused by weathering of rocks
Small particles are produced and are transported by wind, water, ice Dissolved minerals Accumulation of this begins to fuse under pressure and possible higher temperatures Dissolved minerals can weld particles together |
Sedimentary rock
|
|
|
|
Sedimentary rocks subjected to intense pressure and high temperatures
|
Metamorphic rock
|
Think of the process of going from catterpillar to butterfly
|
|
|
Originally deposited as river silt
Fused into sandstone-like rock, then metamorphed |
Sioux Quartzite
|
A type of Native American tribe as well as a city named after it in South Dakota
|
|
|
Quartzite is very hard, and carvings can last a long time
First carvings made around 3,000 BC |
Jeffers petroglyphs
|
it is like this theme song: "Were movin on up, to the East Side"
|
|
|
Forms at high temperature and pressure
Most probably formed over 3 billion years ago Carried to the surface by deeply-rooted volcanic action |
The ultimate mineral: diamond
|
It is a type of ring which is very expensive
|
