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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ghon focus |
lower lobe lesion and ipsilateral hilar adenopathy |
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secondary tb lesion |
apical cavitary lesion |
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tb is dormant where? |
granulomas |
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tb cell response type of necrosis |
th1 macros become epitheloid -> langerhans caseating necrosis |
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fragile x s/sx |
MR, prominent jaw, large ears, macroorch, cleft palate, MVP, short, lax points, pez cavus |
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thiopental recovery is due to what pharm property? |
redistribution > skel muslce, fat |
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CMV tx |
ganciclovir
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HSV tx |
acyclovir |
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flucytosine MOA use |
cytosine analog rna miscoding inhibits dna synthesis in fungus esp cryptococcus |
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hep E demographics route of transmission viral characteristics |
high mortality in pregnant women
fecal-oral unenv ss+ rna |
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OCP contraindications |
smoking, prior stroke, estrogen dependent tumor, high TG, decomp/acute liver failure, pregnancy |
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alport histo staining renal syndrome |
nephritis, deafness/ocular splitting of BM granular on IF mesangial proliferation |
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membranous glomerulopathy description, renal syndrome, staining |
diffuse, uniform thickening nephrotic granular IgG, C3 staining |
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FSGS staining renal syndrome |
IgM, C3 around sclerotic areas nephrotic |
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doxo - heart pathology |
dilated CM |
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amyloid - heart path |
restrictive CM |
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compliance equation decreased compliance -> what type of dysfunction (systolic, diastolic, both?) |
dv/dp diastolic dysfunction |
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change in restrictive heart disease |
decreased compliance diastolic dysfunction |
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causes of dilated CM systolic, diastolic or both |
doxo, alcohol, viral, diptheria systolic dysfunction |
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sarcoid - cardiac pathology? |
restrictive CM |
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causes of vertigo (5) describe |
Meniere's, perilymph fistula, benign positional, labrynthitis, acoustic neuroma movement w/o movement, n/v |
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secondary protein structure? tertiary structure? bond types |
secondary: h-bonds tertiary: hphobic, h bonds, disulf, etc. |
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riboflavin AKA products are cofactors in what pathways? |
B2 FMN (complex I) FAD (complex II, TCA, succ dehydrog) succ (succ dehydrog) > fumarate |
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dehydration - GFR, RPF, FF |
GFR down RPF very down FF up |
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cell wall vs cell membrane |
wall most outer |
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capsofungin MOA |
targets cell wall |
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amphotericin B MOA |
forms pores in cell membrane |
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nystatin target |
bind ergosterol in cell membrane |
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azoles MOA |
inhibit ergosterol synthesis |
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terbinafine MOA |
inhibit ergosterol synthesis |
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griseofulvin MOA |
binds/inhibits microtubules |
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echinocandins drugs MOA |
capsofungin micafungin inhibits polysach glucan in cell wall |
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fructose metabolism deficiency of what enzymes lead to a more severe phenotype |
fruct (fructokinase) > F-1-P (aldolase B) > DHAP + glycerol glycerol > G3P > pyruvate ald B >>>fructokinase deficiency re severity |
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galactose metabolism which enzyme deficiency is more severe? shunt pathway |
galactose (galactokinase) > gal-1-p (gal-1-p uridyltransferase) > gluc-1-p > glycolysis shunt pathway: galactose (aldose reductase) > galactitol more severe: uridyl transferase >> galactokinase |
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galactokinase def s/sx |
galactosuria infatinle cataracts (failure to track/social smile) |
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classic galactosemia enzyme s/sx cause of damage |
uridyltransferase -> shunt > galactitol failure to thrive, jaundice, hepatomeg, infantile cataracts, intellectual disability |
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alpha-glucosidase deficiency - what disease |
pompe disease |
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B6 - rxns (6), products (9) |
transamination (ALT, AST), decarboxylation, gycogen phosphorylase
synthesis of cystathione, heme, niacin, histamine, 5-ht, epi, ne, DA, GABA |
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B1 reactions |
transketolase alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase pyr dehydrog |
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niacin synthesis of what cofactors? what type of rxns? |
NAD, NADP dehydrogenase rxns |
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biotin |
carboxylase rxns: pyr carbox, acetyl coA carbox, prop CoA carbox |
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PCP s/sx |
violent behavior, trauma, nystag, acute brain syndrome = disorient, poor judgement, memory loss |
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cocaine tox |
MI, ischemia, seizure stroke |
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amphetamine tox |
seizure, stroke |
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susc to mucor - 3 populations |
DKA, npenia, burns |
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air bronchograms indicate what type of pathology? |
infectious/non-neoplastic |
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HBV vaccine target |
HBsAg |
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HB serology that indicates past infxn? active replication/infectivity |
anti-HBcAg IgG HBeAg |
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resistance equation flow equation |
resistance = visc*L/R^4 flow= deltaP * R^4/visc*L |
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nasal mucosal ulcerations & glomerulonephritis |
wegener's |
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wegener's - type of inflammation ab found |
necrotizing c-anca |
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autoimmune hepatitis AB PBC antibody |
hep: anti-SMC PBC: anti-mt |
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definition of a fever of hyperpyrexia temp above which = neuro above which = death |
fever > 38.3 hyperpyrex > 40 neuro s/sx > 42 death > 43 |
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tx for fever > 40 |
cooling |
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reye syndrome cause |
aspirin < 12 |
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MHC class II stimulates what t cell types? |
CD4+ th1 and th2 |
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Flu A immunity based on:
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humoral response vs. hemaglutinin |
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surgical neck fx - nerve injury |
axillary |
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axillary nerve injury - path |
deltoid/teres minor -> decreased abd, ext, flex, lat rotation |
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scapular winging - nerve |
long thoracic
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suprascapular nerve innervates/fxn |
supraspinatus & infraspinatus abd, lat rotation |
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crutch palsy |
radial nerve > wrist drop |
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cholelithiasis rx factors effects of progesterone, estrogen |
4fs: - fat, fertile, female, forty pregnancy/ocp > increased estrogen > increased chol secretion progesterone decreases gb motility |
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streptomycin ab class administration of class |
aminoglyco parenteral |
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INH mechanism of resistance |
decreased catalase production |
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gas solubility, partition coefficient, distribution and onset |
decreased gas sol > decreased blood/gas partition coeff > faster blood saturation > faster peripheral tissue (brain) and saturation > faster onset |
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N2O solubility onset |
poorly soluble, rapid onset |
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potency AKA definition |
MAC concentration effective in 50% of pts |
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PT measures? |
extrinsic |
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what coag measurement is prologned first in liver disease |
PT - FVII has shortest half life |
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VWF affects which coag measures? |
ptt and bleeding time |
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burr cells |
mechanical trauma, uremia, Pyruvate kinase deficiency, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia |
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beta-thalassemia cell histo |
target |
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MM s/sx renal findings |
anemia, fatigable, constipation, hyperCa, cast nephrophathy light chain and tamm horsfall > eo casts (not free oes) |
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hypersensitivity interstitial nephritis cause findings |
drugs sterile pyuria |
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NSAID kidney path |
papillary necrosis, chronic IN |
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aminoglyco kidney tox |
ATN |
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lead kidney tox |
chronic tubulo interstitial nephritis |
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ADH effects on urea |
increases reabsorption in medullary collecting duct, PCT |
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highest osmolarity of kidney?* |
medullary collecting duct |
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watershed ischemia - describe anatomy what could cause unilateral? |
bilateral, wedge shaped @ convexities, along cerebral fissure unilateral: carotid artery stenosis |
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charcot bouchard aneurysms affect which general brain area? |
deep brain structures |
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HTN enceph - gross description |
edema/petechiae in grey/white matter
esp lacunar |
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Saccular aneurysm rupture leads to? |
SAH |
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low C3 in which renal pathologies? low C4 in what disease and why? |
c3: psgn, type I MPGN C4: hereditary angioedema, c1 esterase inhibitor |
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osler-weber-rendu inheritance s/sx |
skin/mucosal telangiectasia (can rupture), severe/recurrent nosebleeds AD |
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gout tx second line (renal) |
nsaids = first line acutely elderly or poor renal - glucocorticoids |
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NF1 s/sx |
peripheral neurofibromas, optic glimoas, lisch nodules, cafe au lait |
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NF 2 inheritance s/sx |
AD multiple meningiomas |
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VHL
inheritance s/sx |
capilary hemangioblastomas in retinas, cerebellumcysts/neoplasms in kidney, liver, pancreasincreased RCC risk (can be bilat)
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