Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
3 Physical Dimensions of Sound
|
1. Pitch = frequency of vibration (Hz)
2. Loudness = intensity of vibration 3. Timbre = complexity of vibration |
|
|
Outer Ear
|
ear canal and ear drum
Sound funneled via the pinna (external ear) ear canal eardrum External auditory canal (ear canal) Tympanic membrane (ear drum) |
|
|
Middle Ear
|
ossicles and oval window
|
|
|
Ossicles
|
– set into vibration by the tympanic membrane
Malleus = hammer; connects with tympanic membrane and transmits vibrations via the incus Incus = anvil Stapes = stirrup; presses against the membrane behind the oval window |
|
|
Oval window
|
opening in the bone surrounding the cochlea that reveals a membrane; transmits sound vibration into the fluid within the cochlea
|
|
|
Inner Ear
|
cochlea, organ of corti
|
|
|
Cochlea
|
= snail-shaped structure; contains the auditory transducing mechanisms
|
|
|
3 main structures of the Cochlea
|
Scala vestibuli = “vestibular stairway”
Scala media = “middle stairway” Scala tympani = “tympanic stairway” |
|
|
Organ of Corti
|
= receptive organ for audition; lives in scala media; contains the auditory hair cells; all structures within it contain fluid
|
|
|
basilar membrane
|
a membrane in the cochlea of the inner ear; contains the organ of Corti
|
|
|
hair cells in ear
|
auditory receptor cells
movement of hair cells cause AP; bending of hair cell is essential occurrence in process of audition! (produces receptor potential) anchored by Deiters’s cell – supporting cell found in the organ of Corti and sustains the auditory hair cells tectorial membrane – membrane located above the basilar membrane and serves as a shelf against which the cilia of the auditory hair cells move |
|
|
tectorial membrane
|
membrane located above the basilar membrane and serves as a shelf against which the cilia of the auditory hair cells move
|
|
|
essential in neural trandection of sound
|
bending of the cilia
it causes the receptor potential |
|
|
Cilia
|
fine, hair-like appendages; arranged in rows, according to height
involved in movement or in transducing sensory info form synapses with dendrites of bipolar neurons whose axons bring auditory information to the brain found in auditory and vestibular systems |
|
|
Tip Links
|
elastic filament that attaches the tip of one cilium to the side of adjacent cilium
Under small amount of tension |
|
|
Insertional Plaques
|
= point of attachment of a tip link to a cilium
|
|
|
Transducing Sound Waves into Nerve Potentials
|
bending of hair cells produces the receptor potential
tension on the tip links causes ion channels to open; K+ and Ca2+ rush in causes a depolarization, resulting in the release of NT relaxation of the tip links allows ion channels to close, causing hyperpolarization |
|
|
Auditory Pathway
|
axons enter the cochlear nucleus of the medulla and synapse there (becomes neural impulse)
most neurons in the cochlear nucleus send axons to the superior olivary complex pass through a large fiber bundle called the lateral lemniscus axons to medial geniculate nucleus auditory cortex |
|
|
Olivocochlear bundle
|
bundle of efferent axons that travel from the olivary complex of the medulla to the auditory hair cells on the cochlea
|
|
|
NT at the afferent synapse in audition
|
glutamate
|
|
|
NT secreted by efferent terminal buttons in audition
|
ACh;
ACH is inhibitory effect on the hair cells |
|
|
Inner hair cells
|
necessary for normal hearing
Each inner hair cell forms synapses with approx. 20 fibers primary importance in the transmission of auditory info to the CNS |
|
|
Outer hair cells
|
cannot hear at all – they are effector cells that alter the mechanical characteristics of the basilar membrane, influencing the effects of sound vibrations on the inner hair cells
|
|
|
Audtory Cortex is in the ______ ______
|
Superior temporal gyus
|
|
|
Soma means
|
skin
|
|
|
Somatosenses
|
senses of our body
on the surface |
|
|
3 layers of skin
|
. 1st layer is called Epidermis. 2nd layer is Dermis, and subcucaneus is 3rd layer
|
|
|
Nocioceptive
|
pain
|
|
|
skin receptors
|
the receptors in the skin that trigger an action potental
|
|
|
Types of skin receptors
|
Pacinian: pressure and deep touch
Mesisner Corpucle: light touch Merkel's Disk:respond to indentation of the skin – pressure and vibration Ruffini Corpuscle: vibration Hair receptor Free-Nerve ending: perception of pain and temperature |
|
|
3 Important Qualities of Cutaneous Stimulation
|
Touch
Temperature Pain |
|
|
ION channel in sensation is controlled by
|
A member of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of receptors, TRPC1, controls the ion channel.
|
|
|
somatosensation enters through the ______ root
|
dorsal
|
|
|
Pain pathway
|
Form synapses w/ other neurons as soon as they enter the spinal cord axons cross to other side of spinal cord ascend through the spinothalamic tract (processes pain and temperature) ventral posterior nuclei of the thalamus
|
|
|
Anterior singulate gyrus is responsible for ____________ pain.
|
aversiveness of
|
|
|
Primary sensory cortex – ____ of pain. _________ will further process the significance of pain
|
perception
Frontal lobe will further process the significance of pain |
|
|
Axons that convey localized inf0: such as touch
|
Dorsal columns (white matter of spinal cord) nuclei in lower medulla axons cross the brain and ascend through the medial lemniscus to the ventral posterior nuclei of the thalamus axons project from thalamus to primary somatosensory cortex secondary somatosensory cortex
|
|
|
Somatosensory axons from the skin, muscles, or internal organs enter the CNS via _______
|
spinal nerves
|
|
|
Cell bodies of unipolar neurons are located i
|
n dorsal root ganglia and cranial nerve ganglia
|
|
|
3 PERCEPTUAL AND BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS – all involve different brain mechanisms
|
Sensory component – pure perception of the intensity of a painful stimulus
Pathway from spinal cord ventral posterolateral thalamus primary and secondary somatosensory cortex Immediate emotional consequences of pain – the unpleasantness or degree to which the individual is bothered by the painful stimulus Pathways that reach the anterior cingulate cortex and insular cortex Long-term emotional implications of chronic pain – the threat that such pain represents to one’s future comfort and well-being Pathways that reach the prefrontal cortex |
|
|
somatosensation is involved in what lobe
|
parietal lobe
also interpretor pain stimli for emotional significance |
|
|
cingulate gyus (cortex)
|
responsible for the emotional significance of pain
|
|
|
Phantom Limb -
|
report feeling pain in missing limb (up to 70% of amputees report this phenomenon) – other sensations such as pressure, warmth, cold, wetness, itching, sweatiness, and prickliness
|
|
|
Brain areas effective to produce analgesia when stimulated
|
Periaqueductal gray matter
Nucleus raphe magnus (medulla) |
|
|
analgesia-producing circuits
|
most cause release of endogenous opioids (natural occurring opiates that occur in the brain – neuromodulators)
|
|
|
analgesia
|
reduction of pain
|
|
|
Pain sensitivity can also be regulated
|
direct neural connections
Periaqueductal gray matter – receives inputs from frontal cortex, amygdala, and hypothalamus These inputs permit learning and emotional reactions to affect an animal’s responsiveness to pain even w/o the secretion of opioids |
|
|
pain reduction process
|
Periaqueductal gray matter nucleus raphe magnus pain reduction
Contains serotonin-secreting neurons that project to the dorsal gray matter of the spinal cord and is involved in analgesia produced by opiates Destruction of these axons = eliminates analgesia induced by an injection of morphine Morphine resides in periaqueductal gray matter (midbrain) Inhibitory effects of these neurons involve one or two interneurons in the spinal cord |
