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99 Cards in this Set
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What are the types of movement of large molecules into the cell |
Pinocytosis Phagocytosis Receptor mediated |
3 types |
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What is endocytosis |
Movement into a cell |
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What is exocytosis |
Movement out of a cell |
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What are types of movement of small molecules into the cell |
Diffusion Active transport |
2 types |
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What is diffusion |
The movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration |
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What are the factors affecting the rate of diffusion |
Magnitude of concentration gradient Permeability of the cell membrane Surface area |
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What are the types of diffusion |
Simple Facilitated |
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What is simple diffusion |
Direct movement for the cell membrane Lipid soluble will pass through Movements through watery channels |
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Is it possible to be saturated with water channels |
No |
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What is facilitated diffusion |
Requires a carrier protein ATP not required May become saturated |
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What is active transport |
Requires ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient Requires a carrier protein |
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What are the carrier proteins for active transport |
Co-transporter moves in the same direction Counter transporter moved opposite directions Can become saturated |
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What are the types of active transport |
Primary and secondary |
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What is primary active transport |
ATP is used at the carrier protein |
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What is secondary active transport |
Considered secondary because ATP is not used at the carrier protein Energy is provided by a transporter at another location |
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What is osmosis |
The flow of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of Greater water concentration to lower |
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What conditions must be present for osmosis to occur |
Two compartments of water A permeable membrane Concentration difference |
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What is tonicity |
What happens to cell volume when the cell is placed in a solution |
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What is isotonic |
Equal concentrations inside and outside the cell |
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What is hypotonic |
Lower concentration of solute particles in the solution than in the cell Water will move into the cell and will rupture |
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What is hypertonic |
Higher concentration solute in the solution than in the cell moves water out of the cell it will shrink |
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What are the parts of a composite |
Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus |
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What is the cell membrane made |
Made mostly of proteins and lipids Proteins are mostly glycoproteins Lipid: cholesterol phospholipids |
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How do cells adhere to one another |
Through Junctions |
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What is a tight Junction |
Fusion of cell membranes prevent substances from moving between |
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What is a gap Junction |
Tubular channels between adjacent cells Allows for direct exchange between cells |
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What is a desmosome |
Allows for some movement between cells |
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What is microvilli |
Folding of the cell membrane to increase surface area without making the cell any larger |
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What consists of the cytoplasm |
Cytosol the liquid portion of cytoplasm Organelles structures within the cells that perform specialized tasks |
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What do ribosomes do |
Assemble proteins one amino acid at a time |
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What does the rough ER do |
Receives proteins from the ribosomes and modifies them |
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What does the smooth ER do |
Detoxification reactions Making of lipids |
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What does the Golgi apparatus do |
Modifies proteins received from the rough ER |
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What does the mitochondria do |
Creates ATP for the cell but only under aerobic conditions |
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What do the lysosomes do |
Contain enzymes that destroy bacteria and breakdown non-functional organelles to be used for recycling |
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What is the centrisome |
Contain two centrioles |
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What is the nucleus of the cell |
Contains the DNA |
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What is the nucleolus |
Consists of RNA |
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What is the order of the cell cycle |
Interphase prophase metaphase anaphase telophase |
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What is cytokinesis |
Division of cytoplasm |
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What are the four major types of tissues |
Epithelial connective muscle nerve |
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Describe epithelial tissue |
Forms the inner lining of body cavities Covers the outside of all organs Line spaces inside organs |
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Does epithelial tissue have blood vessels |
No Epithelial tissue is avascular |
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Where does epithelial tissue receive its blood supply |
Connective tissue |
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What is the apical surface of epithelial tissue |
Open to external environment or internal body space |
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What is the basal surface of epithelial tissue |
Attached to basement membrane |
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Where can you find stratified squamous epithelium |
Skin. It is made for areas of high wear and tear |
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What do pseudostratified columnar epithelium often contain |
Goblet cells that create mucus Cilia that creates movement on the cell surface |
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What is Transitional epithelium and where can you find it |
Has the ability to stretch without leaking Urinary bladder and throughout the urinary system |
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What is glandular epithelium and what type of cells form this |
Cells that are specialized to produce and secrete various products formed by columnar and cuboidal epithelium |
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What is an endocrine gland |
A gland that secretes a product directly into the blood |
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What is an exocrine gland |
A gland that produces a product that enters a tube and leads to a free surface either inside or out of the body |
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What is a merocrine gland |
A type of exocrine gland that secretes serous watery fluid or mucous thicker fluid |
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What is an apocrine gland |
A type of exocrine gland that released enclosed in a small portion of the cell |
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What is a holocrine gland |
A type of exocrine gland that the entire cell fills with product and enters the tube that leads to free surface |
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What are the three types of exocrine glands |
Merocrine apocrine holocrine |
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Describe connective tissue |
The most abundant tissue of the body |
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Describe the blood supply of connective tissue |
Loose connective tissue has the best blood supply Fibrous connective tissue has a very poor blood supply Cartilage is avascular |
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What is the material between the cells called |
Intercellular material extracellular material Matrix |
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What are the different types of connective tissue |
Loose fibrous adipose |
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Describe loose connective tissue what is it also known as |
Matrix containing collagen and elastic fibers
Helps form thin delicate membranes
Contains fibroblast Also known as areolar connective tissue |
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Describe fibrous connective tissue and what is it also known as |
Closely positioned collagenous fibers and forming rows of fibers
Provides flexibility and strength
Few fibroblasts Also known as dense connective tissue |
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Where can you find fibrous connective tissue |
Tendons and ligaments |
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Tendon |
Binds muscle to bone |
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Ligament |
Binds bone to bone |
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Describe adipose connective tissue and where you can find it |
Used for insulation protection and energy storage Can be found beneath the skin and around internal organs |
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What are the four major types of membranes |
Serous mucous cutaneous synovial |
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What is composed of serous, mucous, and cutaneous membranes |
Composed of epithelial tissues and a connective tissue |
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What composes the synovial membrane |
Different types of connective tissue |
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Describe the synovial membrane |
Forms the inner lining of joint cavities Consists of fibrous loose and adipose connective tissue Secretes synovial fluid |
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Describe the mucous membrane |
Consist of epithelial tissue and loose connective tissue Inside layer of cavities that open directly or eventually open to the outside Inside lining of all tubes of the digestive respiratory urinary and reproductive system |
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Describe the serous membrane |
Consist of simple squamous and loose connective tissue Lines body cavities that do not open to the outside Covers the outside of the organs in those cavities |
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What are the two parts to the integumentary system |
Cutaneous membrane Accessory organs |
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What are the accessory organs of the integumentary system |
Hair follicles Nails sebaceous glands sweat glands |
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What are the functions of the integumentary system |
Protection Prevention of water loss through keratinization Regulating body temperature Sensory receptors Making various chemicals Excreting waste |
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What are the two major layers of the skin |
Epidermis and dermis |
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What is the layer below the skin |
Subcutaneous layer |
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Describe the epidermis |
Outer layer of the skin Composed of stratified squamous epithelial |
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What are the layers of the epidermis from bottom to top |
Stratum basale stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum lucidum stratum corneum |
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In which layer of the epidermis does cell division occur |
Stratum basale |
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In which layer of the epidermis do the cell bodies of melanocytes lay |
Stratum basale |
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How thick is the stratum basale |
single layer |
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How thick is the stratum spinosum |
Many layers |
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In what layer of the epidermis do the cells begin the process of keratinization |
Stratum spinosum |
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In which layer of the epidermis do the cells begin to die |
Stratum granulosum |
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Which layer is only found in thick skin (palms and soles) |
Stratum lucidum |
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Which layer of the epidermis is the outer most |
Stratum corneum |
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Which layer of the epidermis consists of dry dead cells |
Stratum corneum |
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Describe melanocytes |
Cells that produce a dark pigment called melanin They have long cellular extensions that extend into the stratum spinosum Amount of melanin produced determine skin color |
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The amount of melanin produced by the melanocytes is determined by what |
Heredity and environment |
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Describe the dermis |
Composed of connective tissue housing many functions of the skin |
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What is the dermal papillae |
Finger-like structures that project up into the epidermis |
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What is the reticular region |
Region of the dermis beneath the papillary region |
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Describe the subcutaneous layer also known as what |
Also known as hypodermis Lies below the dermis Made of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue |
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What are hair follicles |
Tube like structures made of epithelium from the epidermis |
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Describe sebaceous glands |
Produces sebum Harlequin type of exocrine gland Associated with the hair follicle Absent on palms and Soles |
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What are the two types of sweat glands |
Apocrine and eccrine |
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Describe apocrine sweat glands |
Begins functioning at puberty Has an odor Located in armpits groins and nipples Attached to the hair follicle |
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Describe eccrine sweat glands |
Begins functioning at Birth Response to an increase in body temperature Opens to the surface through a poor Found widespread including palms and Soles |
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