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44 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

assumption of representativeness

the assumption that identical twins are typical of the population on the specific characteristic under investigation, an assumption behind the double-the-difference between MZ and DZ twins reared apart measure of heritability

alleles

alternative forms of the same gene that occurs in pairs, one inherited from each birth parent

active genotype-environment correlation

when people with a certain genotype seek out a specific environment because of their personality

behavioural genetics



the study of genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences in personality and behaviour

dizygotic twins

fraternal twins, sharing about 50% of their genes with each other. Are created when 2 different sperm fertilize 2 different eggs leading to the development of genetically distinct fetuses

dialectic

a way of thinking in which contradictions are seen to be part of a higher truth rather than as opposing forces

environmentality

the amount of observed individual differences in characteristic that can be accounted for by environmental differences

equal environments assumption

the assumption that identical twins are not treated more aline than fraternal twins, an assumption behind the double-the-difference between MZ and DZ twins reared apart measure of heritability

epigenetic

the study of how the environment changes the function of genes without changing the genes themselves

genotype

the genetic makeup that codes for a specific trait

genes

a sequence of DNA that codes for a specific trait

genotype-environment interaction

when people respond differently to the same environment due to their differing genetic make up

genotype-environment correlation

when a genotype is exposed differently to an environment; when personality affects the environments people find themselves in. may be passive, reactive or active

heritability

the amount of observed individual differences in a characteristic that can be accounted for by genetic differences

monozygotic twins

identical twins, exact duplicates of each other. Created when a fertilized egg splits into two or more identical parts, each of which develops into a fetus

MZA twins

identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different environments

mendelian inheritance

a pattern of inheritance named after Gregor mendel in which one trait dominates over another recessive trait that is later manifested in successive generations

non shared environment

unique environmental influences and experiences of individual cohabitation relative (such as twins) that result in behavioural differences between them

negative genotype-environment correlation

when a genotype is exposed differently to an environment that is unfavourable for developing certain characteristics. For example, an environment may discourage the development of certain personality characteristics

phenotype

the manifestation of the genes; the observable physical or psychological trait which is coded by the genes

positional cloning

a possible way of preventing inherited diseases by replacing defective genetic code with corrected code that matches the gene as closely as possible

passive genotype-environment correlation

when a genotype is exposed to an environment but has done nothing to obtain the environment

positive genotype-environment correlation

when a genotype is exposed differently to an environment that is favourable for developing certain characteristics. For example, an environment may encourage the development of certain personality characteristics

reactive genotype-environment correlation

when the environment responds to certain personalities because of their genotype

shared environment

aspects of the family environment that are generally the same for all the children living in the same household, including physical, psychological and social aspects

selective placement

the assumption that adopted families of MZ twins raised apart are different from each other, that the identical twins were not purposely placed in similar environments, an assumption behind the measure of heritability

Autonomic nervous system

regulates smooth muscles including inner organs, cardiac muscle, and glands. includes sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

ascending reticular activating system

a pathway transmitting signals from the limbic system and hypothalamus to the cortex. Activation here can make a person alert and mentally sharp

arousability

in physiology, how reactive people are to stimulation: an important difference between extraverts and introverts. Unisexuality, the capacity to become aroused to sexual stimuli

anhedonia

lack of positive emotion; a loss of or inability to experience pleasure that may or may not be accompanied by the presence of negative emotions

behavioural approach system

brain system associated with stimuli that are enticing, pleasurable and rewarding and the personality characteristics of optimism, impulsiveness, addictive behaviours, high-risk impulsive behaviours and mania. Makes a person more sensitive to rewards

behavioural inhibition system

brain system associated with conflicts that may cause feelings of anxiety, worry, rumination, risk assessment, vigilance, a sense of possible danger, and a sense of loss. May be related to OCD or generalized anxiety. When activated, people become more sensitive to punishment

boredom susceptibility

the need for change and variety and an aversion to routine and sameness. One of the four sub scales of the Sensation Seeking Scale

central nervous system

the brain and spinal cord

computerized tomography

a high-resolution x ray picture of thin slices of brain tissue, formerly called a computer axial tomography (CT) scan

challenge test

a technique to identify NT function in which researchers administer a drug with a known effect on a specific NT and monitor the impact of the drug on reactions that are thought to be related to the NT

disinhibition

the extent to which people have lowered social inhibitions and enjoy letting loose in the company of others without a thought about decorum, proper behaviour, or social norms. Often takes the form of alcohol use, partying and sex. Is one of the 4 subclass of Sensation seeking scale

electromyography

a measure of muscle activity during contacting and relaxation

electroencephalogram

identifies electrical activity in the brain through electrodes placed on the scalp

evoked potential

electrical activity in a specific brain cell or group of brain cells in response to an external stimulus

experience seeking

the desire for moderate arousal through different kinds of experiences involving both the mind and the sense, perhaps through music, travel, or an unconventional lifestyle. One of the 4 sub scale of the sensation seeking scale

functional magnetic resonance imaging

a high resolution 3D picture of brain activity over time using blood oxygen levels. Colour enhancement is used to identify amount of activity across many regions of the brain

fight-flight-freeze system

the brain system associated with fear and reactions ti aversive stimuli and the personality characteristics if fearfulness, avoidance, phobias and panic disorders

galvanic skin response

a measure of arousal using sweat