Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
230 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
sensory receptor |
a specialized neuron that detects a variety of physical events |
|
|
|
receptor potential
|
a slow graded electrical potential that is produced by a receptor cell in response to a stimuli |
|
|
|
sensory transduction |
the process of a phsycial stimuli being transduced into a slow graded receptor potential. |
|
|
|
Hue |
the dominant wavelengh of the light (color)
|
|
|
|
Saturation
|
the pruity of the light, the more a single wavelenth purer the light |
|
|
|
Orbits
|
the bony pockets in the front of the skull, the eyes are suspended in it |
|
|
|
Brightness
|
term for intesnity of light
|
|
|
|
Sclera
|
the white tough outer coat of the eye, where the muscles connect
|
|
|
|
Conjunctiva
|
the mucous membrane that hides the muscle connections to the eye, lines the eyelids and fold to the attach the back of the eye
|
|
|
|
Saccadia movement |
the quick jerking movements of the eye, used to scanning the visual scene
|
|
|
|
persuit movement
|
movement of the eye that maintains an image of the moving object on the fovia |
|
|
|
Cornea
|
the outer layer at the front of the eye, transparent
|
|
|
|
Pupil
|
opening ring of the muscles around the pupil, behind the cornea
|
|
|
|
Lens
|
situated immediately behind the iris consists of transparent onion like layers the shape is altered by the cillary muscles |
|
|
|
Accommodation
|
changes in the thickness of the lens, used to focus on images of near or far objects |
|
|
|
vitreous humor
|
(glassy liquid), clear gelatinous liquid that fills the main part of the eye
|
|
|
|
Retina
|
the neural tissue and photoreceptive cells located on the inner surface of the posterior portion of the eye |
|
|
|
Cones |
info on small features in the environment
|
source of vision of acuity, responsible for color vision
|
|
|
Rods
|
provides night time vision
|
|
|
|
Fovea
|
central region of the retina, mediates our most acute vision, contains only cones
|
|
|
|
Optic disk
|
where the axons conveying visual info gather together and leave the eye through the optic nerve, produces a blind-spot because no receptors are located there
|
|
|
|
Bipolar cells
|
neurons with two arms connect the shallowest and deepest layers of the retina
|
|
|
|
Ganglion Cells |
neruons whose axons travel through optic nerves and carry visual info to the rest of the brain |
|
|
|
Horizontal cells and ammarrine cells
|
transmits info in direction parallel to the retina (two terms)
|
|
|
|
Lamellae
|
outer segment, thin plates of membrane
|
|
|
|
Photopigment
|
special molecules embedded into the membrane of the lamellae, Consists of two parts (opsin and retinal)
|
|
|
|
Opisn
|
the protein component of photopigment
|
|
|
|
Retinal
|
the lipid component of a photopigment molecule
|
|
|
|
Rhodopsin
|
has a pinkish hue, before its bleached before the action of light, rod opsin plus retinal |
|
|
|
when rhodopsin is exposed to light
|
breaks down into rod opsin and retinal, produces the receptor potential, affects the release of NT by the photoreceptor
|
|
|
|
Axons of the retinal ganglion cells |
brings optic info to the rest of the brain |
|
|
|
Dorsal lateral geniculate neucleus |
group of cell bodies within the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus; receives input from the retina and projects to the primary visula cortex
|
|
|
|
magnocellular layers |
the inner two layers, bigger than the parvocellulars
|
|
|
|
parvocellular layers
|
the outer four layers
|
|
|
|
Koniocellular sublayers
|
means dust, found ventral to each of the magnocellular and parvocellular layers
|
|
|
|
optic radiations
|
the pathway in which the DLGN sends their axons to the primary visual cortex
|
|
|
|
calcarine fissure
|
(spur-shaped), a horizontal fissure located in the media and posterior occipital lobe
|
|
|
|
Striate cortex
|
the primary visula cortex, contains a dark-staining layer (striation) of cells
|
|
|
|
Optic chiasm
|
the optic nerves join together at the base of the brain to form the X-shaped optic chiasm
|
|
|
|
receptive field
|
portion of the visual field in which the presentation of visula stimuli will produce an alteration in the firing rate ofa particular neuron.
|
|
|
|
Why the foveal vision is very acute
|
In the fovia there is approximately the same number of gangila cells as there is receptor cells
|
|
|
|
Superior colliculus
|
primarily involved in visula reflexes in response to movig or sudenly appearing stimuli.
|
|
|
|
Color mixing
|
the additon of two or more light sources
|
|
|
|
Pigment mixing
|
mixing various colors, yellow, bue= green etc.
|
|
|
|
Blue-violet
|
420 nm wavelength
|
|
|
|
Green
|
530 nm wavelength
|
|
|
|
yellow-green
|
560 nm wavelength
|
|
|
|
protanopia
|
first-color defect: confused red and green, ppl see the world in shades of yellow and blue, acuity is normal, red cones are filled with green opsin
|
|
|
|
deutoeranopia
|
second color defect, confused red and green, normal visual acuity, green cones appear to be filled with red cone opsin
|
|
|
|
tritanopia
|
third color defect, rare, faulty gene located on autosome, difficulty seeing hues of short wavelengths, sees the world in greens and reds
|
|
|
|
retinal ganglion cells
|
opponent-processing coding
|
|
|
|
Complex cells
|
responds best to a line of a particular orientation but doesn't show any inhibitory surround. Line can move around, increases firing rate when the line moves perpendicular to its angle of orientation, serves as motion detectors
|
|
|
|
hyper complex cells
|
respond to lines of particular orientation but had an inhibitory region at the end or ends of the lines, the cells detect the end of the lines
|
|
|
|
Spatial Frequency
|
the variation in brightness measured in cycles per degree of visual angle
|
|
|
|
low spatial frequencies
|
where most important visula info is contained in (type of frequency)
|
|
|
|
Retinal disparity
|
a stimulus that produces images on slightly different parts of the retina of each eye, allows for indication of difference in the distance of objects from the observer
|
|
|
|
parvocellular and koniocellular layers of the LGN to Cytochrome oxidase (CO) blobs
|
Info from the color-sensitve ganglion cells is transmitted through this
|
|
|
|
Cytochrome oxidase (CO) blobs
|
the central region of a module of the primary VC, contains wavelength-senstive neurons; part of the parvocelluar system
|
|
|
|
The parvocelluar system
|
receives info only from red and green cones;
|
|
|
|
konioclelluar system
|
receives info from the blue cones
|
|
|
|
Striate Cortex neurons
|
neruons show sensitivity to orientation movement, spatial frequency, and binocular disparity, but most don't respond to color
|
|
|
|
Extrastriate cortex
|
the region of the visual association cortex that surrounds the striate cortex responds to particular feature of visual info: orientation, movement, spatial frequency, retinal disparity, color
|
|
|
|
The dorsal stream
|
terminates in the posterial parietal cortex, recognizes where the object is located, if its moving, its speed and direction, guides navigation and skilled movements directed towards objects
|
|
|
|
the ventral stream
|
terminates in the inferior temporal cortex, recognizes what an object is and what color it has,
|
|
|
|
Cerebral achromatopsia
|
inability to discriminate among different hues, caused by damage to area V8 of the visual association cortex.
|
|
|
|
area V8 of the visual association cortex |
region involved in color perception as well as memories of colors of particular objects, damage to this area disrupts color vision
|
|
|
|
inferior temporal cortex
|
recognition of visual patterns and identification of particular objects takes place here
located on the ventral part of the temporal lobe |
|
|
|
visual agnosia
|
deficits in visual form perception in the absence of blindness; caused by brain damage
|
|
|
|
lateral occipital complex (LOC)
|
a relatively large region of the ventral stream of the visual assoication cortex appears to respond to a vide variety of objects and shapes.
|
|
|
|
prosapagnosia
|
an inability to recognize particular faces, can recognize the features of a face but cannot distinguish whose it belongs to
|
|
|
|
Fusiform face area (FFA)
|
special face-recognizing circuits are found in here, located in the fusiform gyrus on teh base of the temporal lobe
|
|
|
|
Extrastriate body area (EBA) |
region of the ventral stream, specifically activated by photgraphs, silhouettes, or stick drawings of human bodies or body parts. |
|
|
|
V4 |
region in extrastriate cortex that responds to a variety of wavelengths |
|
|
|
Color constancy |
the relatively constant appearance of color in various lighting conditions |
|
|
|
Differences in features, contour, configuration of features |
the three ways to recognize faces |
|
|
|
Area V5 |
contains neurons that respond to movement |
|
|
|
Area MT (media temporal) |
contains neurons that respond to movement |
|
|
|
MST medial superior temporal |
receives info about movement from V5 and performs further analysis responds to complex patterns of movements analysis of Optic flow |
|
|
|
Optic flow |
the complex motion of points in the visual field caused by relative movement between the observer and the environment |
|
|
|
Akinetopsia |
Inability to perceive movement caused by bilateral damage to the human brain |
|
|
|
Form from motion |
perception of movement helps to perceive 3D forms allows ppl w/ agnosia to recongize things |
|
|
|
Intraparietal sulcus (IPS) |
Neurons involved in visual attention and control of saccadic eye |
|
|
|
Pitch, Loudness, timbre |
the three perceptual dimensions of sound |
|
|
|
pitch |
the frequency of vibration, measured in hertz (Hz) |
|
|
|
Loudness |
the function of intensity, the degree to which the condensations and rarefaction of air differ from each other. |
|
|
|
timbre |
provides info about the nature of the particular sound |
|
|
|
Pinna |
the external ear |
|
|
|
tympanic membrane |
the ear drum, vibrates with the sound |
|
|
|
Middle ear |
consists of a hollow region behind the tympanic membrane, includes ossicles, and oval window |
|
|
|
ossicles |
bones of the middle ear |
|
|
|
maleus |
connects with the tympanic membrane and transmits vibrations |
|
|
|
incus |
connects malleus to cochlea |
|
|
|
stapes |
connects malleus to cochlea |
|
|
|
oval window |
the opening in the bony process surrounding the cochlea |
|
|
|
inner ear |
filled with fluid, includes ochlea, organ of corti, round window |
|
|
|
Cochlea |
contains the receptors word means snail shaped |
|
|
|
organ of corti |
consists of the basilar membrane, the hair cells and the tectorial membrane |
|
|
|
hair cells |
the auditor receptor cells |
|
|
|
Deiter's cells |
anchors the hair cells to the basilar membrane |
|
|
|
Basilar membrane |
membrane in the cochlea |
|
|
|
tectorial membrane |
projects overhead the basilar membrane like a shelf |
|
|
|
round window |
membrane-covered opening, that allows the fluid in the cochlea to move back and forth.
|
|
|
|
inner and outer auditory hair cells |
the two types of auditory receptors |
|
|
|
cilia |
fine hairlike appendages, arranged in rows according to height. |
|
|
|
3500 inner hair cells |
the number of inner hair cells |
|
|
|
12,000 outer hair cells |
the number of outer hair cells |
|
|
|
Cochlear nerve
|
the organ of Croti sends auditory information to the brain through this, A branch of the auditory nerve (8th cranial nerve). Thick myelinated axons 95% receive info from the inner hair cells 5% receive info from the outer hair cells.
|
|
|
|
Inner hairs
|
important in the transmission of auditory information to the CNS
|
|
|
|
Outer hair
|
effector cells, involved in altering the mechanical characteristic of basilar membrane and influences the effects of sound vibrations on the inner cells Enhances the sensitivity of the inner ear to sound waves
|
|
|
|
Cochlear nucleus
|
one of a group of nuclei in the medulla that receives auditory information form the cochlea
|
|
|
|
Superior olivary complex
|
a group of nuclei in the medulla; involved with auditory functions, including localization of the source of sounds
|
|
|
|
Lateral lemniscus
|
a band of fibers running rostrally through the medulla and pons; carries fibers of the auditory system
|
|
|
|
Tonotopic representation
|
a topographically organized mapping of different frequencies of sound that represented in a particular region of the brain.
|
|
|
|
Core region
|
the primary auditory cortex, auditory info from the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus is transmitted to here, likes hidden on the upper bank of the lateral fissure.
|
|
|
|
Belt region
|
the first level of the auditory association cortex; surrounds the primary auditory cortex.
|
|
|
|
Parabelt region
|
the second level of the auditory association cortex; surrounds the belt region
|
|
|
|
Place coding
|
the system by which info about different frequencies is coded by different locations on the basilar membrane
|
|
|
|
Cochlear implants
|
devices that are used to restore hearing in people with deafness caused by damage to the hair cells. Primary purpose is to restore a person’s ability to understand speech
|
|
|
|
Rate coding
|
detects the lowest of frequencies, system by which info about different frequencies of sound waves is coded by the rate of firing of neurons in the auditory system
|
|
|
|
Fundamental frequency
|
the lowest, and usually most intense, frequency of a complex sound; most often perceived as the sound’s basic pitch.
|
|
|
|
Overtones
|
the frequency of complex tones that occurs at multiples of the fundamental frequency
|
|
|
|
Phase differences, intensity differences, and analysis of timbre
|
the three physiological mechanisms used to detect the location of sound sources.o
|
|
|
|
Phase differences
|
the difference in the arrival times of sound waves at each of the eardrums. Used to detect the source of a sound.
|
|
|
|
Sonic shadow
|
when the ear closest to the source of the sound receives the most intense stimulation
|
|
|
|
Pinna
|
depending on the angle at which the sound waves strike the folds and ridges of this structure the timbre is altered. Helping to perceive location of sound.
|
|
|
|
Pattern recognition
|
when the auditory system recognizes that particular patterns of constantly changing activity belong to different sound sources.
|
|
|
|
Auditory cortex
|
organized into two streams; the anterior stream and the posterior stream
|
|
|
|
Anterior stream
|
involved in the perception of complex sounds, the “what system”
|
|
|
|
Posterior stream
|
involved in the perception of location the “where system”
|
|
|
|
Inferior frontal cortex
|
involved in the recognition of harmony
|
|
|
|
Right auditory cortex
|
appears to be involved in the perception of the underlying beat in music.
|
|
|
|
Left auditory cortex
|
involved in the perception of the rhythmic patterns that are superimposed on the rhythmic beat.
|
|
|
|
Vestibular system
|
made up by the vestibular sacs and the semicircular canals, the second and third components of the labyrinth of the inner year. Function includes balance, maintenance of the head in upright position
|
|
|
|
Vestibular sacs
|
responds to the force of gravity and inform the brain about the head’s orientation
|
|
|
|
Semicircular canals
|
responds to angular acceleration, changes in the rotation of the head, but not to steady rotation.
|
|
|
|
Utricle
|
the “little pouch” one of the vestibular sacs, contains a patch of receptive tissue on the “floor”
|
|
|
|
Saccule
|
the “little sack” one of the vestibular sacs, contains a patch of receptive tissue on the “wall”
|
|
|
|
Ampulla |
an enlargement, contains the organ in which the sensory receptors reside.
|
|
|
|
Cupula
|
a gelatinous mass found in the ampulla of the semicircular canals’ moves in response to the flow of the fluid in the canals. |
|
|
|
Vestibular ganglion
|
a nodule on the vestibular nerve that contains the cell bodies of the bipolar neurons that convey vestibular info to the brain |
|
|
|
Vestibular nuclei
|
in the medulla, relays info to the cerebellum, spinal cord, medulla, pons and temporal cortex. Responsible for control of posture, head movements, and eye movements and motion sickness
|
|
|
|
Somatosenses
|
provides info about what is happening on the surface of our body and what’s inside it.
|
|
|
|
Cutaneous senses
|
includes several submodalities commonly referred to as touch, responds to pressure, vibration, heating, cooling and events that cause tissue damage.
|
|
|
|
Proprioception
|
perception of the body’s position and posture
|
|
|
|
Kinesthesia
|
perception of the body’s own movements. Such as stretch receptors found in skeletal muscles
|
|
|
|
Organic senses
|
arise from receptors in and around the internal organs |
|
|
|
Glabrous skin
|
skin that does not contain hair; found on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.
|
|
|
|
Electromyogram (EMG)
|
an electrical potential recorded from an electrode placed on or in a muscle, measures muscle tone.
|
|
|
|
Alpha activity
|
Smooth electrical activity of 8-12 Hz recorded from the brain, generally associated with state of relaxation |
|
|
|
Beta activity
|
smooth electrical activity of 13-30 Hz recorded from the brain, generally associated with a state of arousal |
|
|
|
Theta ativity
|
Eeg activity of 3.5-7.5 Hz that occurs intermittentaly during early stages of slow-wave sleep and REM sleep.
|
|
|
|
Down state
|
a period of inhibition during a slow oscillation during slow-wave sleep; neurons in the neocortex are silent and resting
|
|
|
|
Up state
|
a period of excitation during a slow oscillation during slow-wave sleep; neurons in the neocortex briefly fire at a nigh rate. |
|
|
|
Sleep apnea
|
a form of insomnia caused by an inability to sleep and breathe at the same time.
|
|
|
|
Narcolepsy
|
a neurological disorder characterized by sleep at inappropriate times. Primary symptom is sleep attack.
|
|
|
|
Sleep attack
|
symptom of narcolepsy; an irresistible urge to sleep during the day, after awakening person feels refreshed.
|
|
|
|
Cataplexy
|
symptom of narcolepsy; complete paralysis that occurs during waking. Person may be fully conscience, triggered by strong emotional reactions. |
|
|
|
Sleep paralysis
|
an inability to move just before the onset of sleep or upon waking in them morning.
|
|
|
|
Hypnagogic hallucinations
|
vivid drams that occur just before a person falls asleep; accompanied by sleep paralysis
|
|
|
|
Orexin
|
hypocretin, produced by neurons of cell bodies located in the hypothalamus; their destruction causes narcolepsy |
|
|
|
REM sleep behavior disorder
|
person does not become paralyzed during REM sleep and thus acts out dreams.
|
|
|
|
Sleep-related eating disorder
|
a person seeks out and eats food while sleepwalking, usually without memory for the episode the next day
|
|
|
|
Fatal familial insomnia
|
fatal inherited disorder characterized by progressive insomnia. Results in damage to portions of the thalamus. Symptoms include deficits in attention and memory, loss of control of the ANS, & endocrine system. Also insomnia. |
|
|
|
Rebound phenomenon
|
increased frequency or intensity of REM sleep after a period of REM sleep deprivation.
|
|
|
|
Declarative memories
|
memories that include those that people can talk about, such as memories of past episodes in their lives, relationships b/n stimuli or events like spatial relationships b/n landmarks. REM sleep is associated with this
|
|
|
|
Nondeclarative memory
|
memories gained through experience and practice that do not necessarily involve memorizing info. Slow wave sleep is associated with this.
|
|
|
|
Adenosine
|
a nucleoside neuromodulator, that plays a primary role in the control of sleep. Accumulation of this serves as a sleep-promoting substance.
|
|
|
|
5 neurotransmitters play role in arousal
|
acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine, and orexin.
|
|
|
|
Acetylcholine
|
plays a role in the cerebral cortex. Activation of neurons in the pons and basal forebrain produces behavioral activation and cortical desynchrony
|
|
|
|
Locus coeruleus
|
located in the dorsal pons. Gives rise to axons that branch widely and release norepinephrine throughout the neocortex, hippocampus, thalamus, cerebellar cortex, pons, and medulla. Plays a role in vigilance |
|
|
|
Raphe nuclei
|
located in the medullary and pontine regions of the reticular formation. Stimulation causes locomotion and cortical arousal. Contains serotonergic neurons.
|
|
|
|
Serotonin
|
5-HT, neurotransmitter that plays a role in activating behavior
|
|
|
|
Histamine
|
neurotransmitter implicataed in the control of wakefulness and arousal.
|
|
|
|
Tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN)
|
nucleus in the ventral posterior hypothalamus, rostral to the mammillary bodies, contains histaminergic neurons involved in cortical activation and behavioral arousal.
|
|
|
|
Homeostatic, allostatic, and circadian
|
sleep is controlled by these three factors.
|
|
|
|
Homeostatic sleep control
|
longer we stay awake the more likely we are to fall asleep and stay asleep
|
|
|
|
Allostatic sleep control
|
reactions to stressful events that serve to override homeostatic control
|
|
|
|
Circadian factors
|
the time of day factors, restricting our period of sleep to a particular portion of the day/night cycle.
|
|
|
|
Ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA)
|
group of neurons in the preoptic area whose activity suppresses alertness and behavioral arousal and promotes sleep.
|
|
|
|
Flip-flop
|
electronic circuit, reciprocal inhibition. Circuit can assume one of two states, cannot be a mx of both.
|
|
|
|
Sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD)
|
a region of the dorsal pons, just ventral to the locus coeruleus, that forms the REM-ON portion of the REM sleep flip-flop.
|
|
|
|
Ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter (vlPAG)
|
a region of the dorsal midbrain that forms the REM-OFF portion of the REM sleep flip-flop.
|
|
|
|
Circadian rhythms
|
a daily rhythmical change in behavior or physiological process.
|
|
|
|
Zeitgeber
|
a stimulus that resets the biological clock that is responsible for circadian rhythms. |
|
|
|
Melanopsin
|
a photopigment present in ganglion cells in the retina whose axons transmit info to the SCN, the thalamus and the olviary pretectal nuclei.
|
|
|
|
Advanced sleep phase syndrome
|
a four-hr advance in rhythms of sleep and temperature cycles, apparently caused by a mutation of a gene involved in the rhythmicity of neurons of the SCN |
|
|
|
Delayed sleep phase syndrome
|
a four-hour delay in rhythms of sleep and temperature cycles, possibly caused by a mutation of a gene involved in the rhythmicity of neurons of the SCN. |
|
|
|
Pineal gland
|
A gland attached to the dorsal tectum; produces melatonin and plays a role circadian and seasonal rhythms. |
|
|
|
Melatonin
|
A hormone secreted during the night by the pineal body; plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms.
|
|
|
|
SCN Clock Cells
|
produced a protein that upon reaching a critical level, inhibited its own production
|
|
|
|
Sexually dimorphic behaviors
|
behaviors that differ in males and females. |
|
|
|
Organizational effects
|
the effect of a hormone on tissue differentiation and development |
|
|
|
Activational effect
|
the effect of a hormone that occurs in the fully developed organism; may depend on the organism’s prior exposure to the organizational effects of hormone. |
|
|
|
Mullerian system |
perecursor of the internal female sex organs.
|
|
|
|
Wolffian system
|
precursor of the internal male sex organ. The presence of hormones is needed for this system to develop. |
|
|
|
Anti- Mullerian hormone |
peptide secreted by the fetus testes that inhibits the development of Mullerian system. Has a defeminizing effect. |
|
|
|
Androgens
|
steroid hormones, stimulates the development of the Wolffian system. Has masculinizing effect. |
|
|
|
Testosterone
|
secreted by the testes; one of the androgens
|
|
|
|
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
|
caused by lack of functioning androgen receptors; in person w/ XY sex chromosomes , it causes the development of a female with testes but no internal sex organs.
|
|
|
|
Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome |
two causes: failure to produce anti- Mullerian hormone or absence of receptors for this hormone. In males it causes development of both male and female internal sex organs. |
|
|
|
Turner’s syndrome
|
has only one sex chromosome (X0). Lack of ovaries but normal female sex organs and genitalia
|
|
|
|
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) |
a hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete gonadotropic hormone. Released at the onset of puberty.
|
|
|
|
Gonadotropic hormone
|
a hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that has a stimulating effect on cells on the gonads.
|
|
|
|
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
|
a gonadotropic hormone that causes development of an ovarian follicle and the maturation of an ovum
|
|
|
|
Luteninzing hormone (LH) |
a gonadotropic hormone that causes ovulation and development of the ovarian follicle into a corpus luteum.
|
|
|
|
Kisspeptin
|
a peptide essential for the initiation of puberty and the maintenance of male and female reproductive ability; controls the secretion of GnRh, which directs the production and release of the gonadotropic hormone.
|
|
|
|
Estradiol
|
the principal estrogen of many mammal, including humans
|
|
|
|
Estrogen |
a class of sex hormones that causes maturation of female genitalia, growth of breast tissue, and development of other physical female characteristics.
|
|
|
|
Menstrual cycle
|
reproductive cycle of female primates, characterized by growth of the lining of the uterus, ovulation, development of a corpus luteum, and menstruation.
|
|
|
|
Estrus cycle |
the female reproductive cycle of mammals other than primates
|
|
|
|
Ovarian follicle
|
a cluster of epithelial cells surrounding an oocyte, which develops into an ovum.
|
|
|
|
Corpus luteum
|
a cluster of cells that develop from the ovarian follicle after ovulation; secrets estradiol and progesterone.
|
|
|
|
Progesterone
|
a steroid hormone produced by the ovary that maintains the endometrial lining of the uterus during the later part of the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy. Promotes gestation
|
|
|
|
Refractory period
|
a period of time after a ejaculation during which ejaculation cannot occur again.
|
|
|
|
Coolidge effect
|
the restorative effect of introducing new female sex partner to a male that has apparently become “exhausted” by sexual activity.
|
|
|
|
Lordosis
|
spinal sexual reflex, arching of the back in response to the approach of a male or to touching the flanks. Which elevates the hindquarters.
|
|
|
|
Receptivity
|
refer to females ability and willingness to copulate
|
|
|
|
Proceptivity
|
refers to a females female’s eagerness to copulate.
|
|
|
|
pheromones
|
chemical released by one animal that affects the behavior or physiology of another animal; usually smelled or tasted.
|
|
|
|
Lee-boot effect
|
the slowing and eventual cessation of estrous cycles in groups of female animals that are housed together; caused by a pheromone in the animal’s urine; first observed in mice.
|
|
|
|
Whitten effect
|
the synchronization of the menstrual or estrous cycles of a group of females, which occurs only in the presence of a pheromone in a male’s urine.
|
|
|
|
The Bruce effect
|
termination of pregnancy caused by the odor of a pheromone in the urine of a male other than the one that impregnated the female
|
|
|
|
Vomeronasal organ (VNO) |
sensory organ that detects the presence of certain chemicals, especially when a liquid is actively sniffed; mediates the effects of some pheromones. Projects to the accessory olfactory bulb.
|
|
|
|
Accessory olfactory bulb
|
a neural structure located in the main olfactory bulb that receives info from the vomeronasal organ.
|
|
|
|
medial preoptic area (MPA)
|
an area of cell bodies just rostral to the hypothalamus; plays an essential role in male sexual behavior
|
|
|
|
sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN)
|
a nucleus in the preoptic area that is much larger in males than in females. First observed in rats; plays a role in male sexual behavior.
|
|
|
|
Periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) |
the region of the midbrain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct; plays an essential role in various species-typical behaviors, including female sexual behavior
|
|
|
|
Nucleus pragigantocellualris (nPGi)
|
a nucleus of the medulla that receives input from the medial preoptic area; contains neurons whose axons form synapses with motor neurons in the spinal cord that participate in sexual reflexes in males.
|
|
|
|
Ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) |
a large nucleus of the hypothalamus located near the walls of the third ventricle; plays an essential role in female sexual behavior.
|
|
|
|
Parturition
|
the act of giving birth |
|
