Test 2

Front 1

Describe Heart Tube Formation

Back 1

- begins around 3 weeks

1) angioblasts (endocardial cells) appear in the mesoderm
2) angioblasts coalesce together to form blood sacs (angiocysts)
3)angiocysts organize themselves into a horseshoe shaped arc known as the cardiogenic field, and are surrounded by myoblasts.
4) rapid cranial development pushes cardiogenic field caudally via embryo folding
5) lateral ventral folding fuses the lateral portions of angiocyst tubes
6) caudal end remains bifurcated forming inflow tract
7) similarly the cardiac crescent part of the horseshoe shaped arc forms the inflow tract at the cranial end.

Front 2

What forms the flap of the Foramen Ovale?

Back 2

Septum Primum

Front 3

What separates and forms the pulmonary and aortic channels?

Back 3

Truncus Arteriosus

Front 4

What does the most distal portion of the Truncus Arteriosus become?

Back 4

The Aortic Sac

Front 5

Where do pharyngeal arteries (aka aortic arches) arise and terminate?

Back 5

They arise from the aortic sac and terminate at the dorsal aorta

Front 6

What do the dorsal aortas ultimately become?

Back 6

Thoracic/Abdominal Descending Aorta

Front 7

Where does the Vitelline Artery arise and terminate?

Back 7

Dorsal Aorta to yolk sac (some portions remain in adult gut vessels)

Front 8

What does the Umbilical Artery do?

Back 8

Carries blood from internal iliac artery to placenta (adult remnants include a proximal stub that supplies superior vesicle arteries and a medial umbilical ligament)

Front 9

Describe Intersegmental Arteries.

Back 9

Arise from dorsal aorta and contain ~30 branches. Most turn into adult intercostal arteries. 7th helps form subclavian arteries.

Front 10

External Carotid Artery Origin

Back 10

independent, new branch of 3rd aortic arch (pharyngeal artery)

Front 11

Internal Carotid Artery Origin

Back 11

from aortic arch 3 and dorsal aorta of head

Front 12

Common Carotid Artery Origin

Back 12

from aortic sac

Front 13

Right Subclavian Artery Origin

Back 13

Right 7th intersegmental Artery, 4th aortic arch, right portion of dorsal aorta.

Front 14

Left Subclavian Artery Origin

Back 14

Left 7th intersegmental artery

Front 15

Adult Aortic Arch Origin

Back 15

Aortic Sac, aortic arch 4, and left distal dorsal aorta

Front 16

Pulmonary Artery Origin

Back 16

6th aortic arch, plus new development from lung

Front 17

Ductus Arteriosus Origin

Back 17

Portion of Left 6th Aortic Arch

Front 18

What drains the yolk sac into the left and right sinus horn?

Back 18

Vitelline vv. (left side regresses in adult but right side forms most of hepatic portal system and some IVC

Front 19

Which vessel ultimately forms most of the Hepatic Portal System?

Back 19

Right Vitelline vein (also forms some of the IVC)

Front 20

What drains the placenta into the respective sinus horn?

Back 20

Umbilical vv. : carries well oxygenated blood. (as liver develops, they stop coursing directly to heart and first go to liver.)

Front 21

What is considered "the" drainage system of the embryo?

Back 21

Common Cardinal vv. (drains the remaining embryo into the sinus horns)

Front 22

What drains the head and upper extremities into the Common Cardinal vv?

Back 22

Anterior Cardinal Vein

Front 23

What drains the thorax, abdomen, pelvic, and lower extremities into the Common Cardinal vv?

Back 23

Posterior Cardinal vv.

Front 24

Superior Vena Cava Origin?

Back 24

Right Anterior Cardinal Vein (mostly)

Front 25

Inferior Vena Cava Origin?

Back 25

distally associated with Supracardinal and subcardinal vv. but all anastamose across the back of the liver and drain into right Vitelline v.

Front 26

Azygos & HemiAzygos vv. Origin?

Back 26

Posterior Cardinal Vein

Front 27

What do the Internal Jugular vv. drain into and at where?

Back 27

subclavian vv. at venous angle.

Front 28

What do the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerves loop under?

Back 28

Left = aortic arch
Right = Right Subclavian Artery.

Front 29

Where do the Phrenic Nerves originate and where do they enter the thorax?

Back 29

C3, C4, C5 ventral rami and they enter the thorax between the subclavian artery & subclavian vein.

Front 30

What do the Phrenic nn. innervate?

Back 30

Motor for the diaphragm and Somatosensory for Parietal Pleura and Parietal Pericardium.

Front 31

What is the course of the Right Vagus Nerve?

Back 31

enters thorax between brachiocephalic trunk and right brachiocephalic vein. It then descends along the trachea to the posterior side of lung root and then into the esophageal plexus.

Front 32

What is the course of the Left Vagus Nerve?

Back 32

enters thorax deep to left brachiocephalic vein between the left common carotid a. and left subclavian a. It crosses the aortic arch where it gives off the left recurrent laryngeal nerve then courses posterior to the left pulmonary a. to posterior lung root.

Front 33

What are the two Cardiac Plexi and where are they located?

Back 33

Superior Cardiac Plexus: found underlying the aortic arch.
Deep Cardiac Plexus: found anterior to tracheal bifurcation and posterior to aortic arch.

Front 34

What is the Fibrous Pericardium?

Back 34

outermost layer of the pericardium, adjacent to pleural cavity.

Front 35

What is the Serous Pericardium?

Back 35

Inner pericardial layer that is composed of two layers and is continuous at roots and vessels to create pericardial cavity:
Parietal Layer: Lines the surface of the fibrous pericardium.
Visceral Layer: directly adheres to the heart.

Front 36

How is the Pericardial Cavity created?

Back 36

Via reflection of the Parietal and Visceral Pericardium at:
1) Superiorly - surrounding arteries, aorta, & pulmonary trunk
2) Posteriorly - Surrounding SVC, IVC, and pulmonary veins.

Front 37

What is Mesocardium?

Back 37

a membrane connecting the heart to the posterior body wall.

Dorsal Mesocardium - connects all veins
Visceral Mesocardium - connects two major arteries leaving the heart.

Front 38

What is the oblique pericardial sinus and how is it created?

Back 38

a blind-end space on the posterior aspect of the heart; found between the pulmonary veins and created solely by the dorsal mesocardium.

Front 39

What is the transverse pericardial sinus and how is it created?

Back 39

created between the two mesocardia; posterior to ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk, and anterior to SVC

-good point to pinch of blood flow.

Front 40

What divides the atria from the ventricles?

Back 40

Coronary Sulcus

Front 41

What divides left and right ventricles?

Back 41

Interventricular Sulci