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Front 1

Renaissance

Back 1

1450–1600, the style period characterized by "rebirth" of the arts of antiquity, but also by increasing secularism and humanism

Front 2

Mass

Back 2

a sacred vocal genre based on the five texts of the Ordinary of the Roman Catholic Mass

Front 3

paraphrase Mass

Back 3

a Renaissance technique of Mass composition based on paraphrasing a pre-existing melody in all four voice parts

Front 4

chanson

Back 4

a secular, polyphonic Renaissance vocal genre in French

Front 5

Franco-Flemish school

Back 5

the group of the best-known composers of the High Renaissance, as represented by Josquin

Front 6

a cappella

Back 6

for unaccompanied voice(s), literally, for the chapel

Front 7

declamation

Back 7

setting a text so that the words can be understood

Front 8

word painting

Back 8

setting text so that the meaning of particular words and phrases is highlighted

Front 9

Council of Trent

Back 9

meeting of the Counter Reformation, mythically might have abolished polyphony if not for Palestrina!

Front 10

madrigal

Back 10

madrigal

Front 11

paired dances

Back 11

two contrasting Renaissance dances played successively as a set

Front 12

pavane and galliard

Back 12

typical example of paired dances: in contrasting meter and tempo

Front 13

Protestant Reformation

Back 13

several break-aways from the control of Rome in the Western Christian church, early to mid 1500s (see Martin Luther)

Front 14

sackbut

Back 14

Renaissance precursor to the trombone

Front 15

shawm

Back 15

Renaissance double-reed instrument, loud!

Front 16

viol

Back 16

family of bowed strings with frets that died out during the Baroque period

Front 17

recorder

Back 17

family of end-blown (whistle) flutes that flourished during the Middle Ages, Renaissance and early Baroque

Front 18

consort

Back 18

any family of instruments (Renaissance term, usually)

Front 19

Baroque

Back 19

1600-1750 musical style period characterized by florid improvisation and the use of basso continuo; word means mis-shapen, grotesque, as applied to pearls

Front 20

Florentine Camerata

Back 20

group of citizens of Florence who invented early opera in their search to replace the madrigal

Front 21

basso continuo

Back 21

1) the bass line and the accompanying chords in Baroque music, 2) the instruments/players who "realize" (perform) the basso continuo part: a melodic bass instrument (cello) and a harmonic instrument (harpsichord)

Front 22

figured bass

Back 22

the notation for the basso continuo

Front 23

affections or affect

Back 23

the Baroque concept that a single movement of a piece of music or a song should present one consistent emotion

Front 24

suite

Back 24

an instrumental genre whose movements (indeterminate in number) usually consist of stylized dances

Front 25

trio sonata

Back 25

four-movement genre for two melody instruments and basso continuo whose movements are conceived as affects

Front 26

fugue

Back 26

single-movement genre characterized by strict, regulated use of imitative polyphony, usually instrumental, also used to denote the form of this single-movement genre

Front 27

motet

Back 27

single-movement, sacred choral genre from the Renaissance on, in Latin

Front 28

recitative

Back 28

unmetered, lightly accompanied section of solo singing in opera, oratorio and cantata, where forward motion of the drama occurs, no repetition of text

Front 29

aria

Back 29

metered, orchestrally-accompanied section of solo singing in opera, oratorio and cantata, where character reflects on his/her emotional state; tuneful, repetitive

Front 30

Orrfeo

Back 30

first successful opera, by Monteverdi; a libretto, used by several of the earliest composers of opera, about the mythic singer-poet who rescues his wife from death, temporarily

Front 31

monody

Back 31

genre of solo singing with instrumental accompaniment invented by the Florentine Camerata to replace the madrigal

Front 32

opera seria

Back 32

serious opera of the late Baroque, reflecting the taste of the general public with castrato roles, da capo arias, lots of coloratura, and elaborate staging

Front 33

castrato

Back 33

male opera singer surgically altered to retain his high range

Front 34

coloratura

Back 34

vocal ornamentation of a simpler melodic line, written or improvised, typical of opera

Front 35

libretto

Back 35

the "book" or text of an opera

Front 36

da capo aria

Back 36

ABA' form aria in which singer adds ornamentation to make A'

Front 37

concerto grosso

Back 37

three-movement instrumental genre for two or more soloists against an orchestra

Front 38

ritornello form

Back 38

typical form of the first movement of a Baroque concerto: orchestral theme opens, returns, and closes, while soloist(s) provide interludes

Front 39

cadenza

Back 39

elaboration, traditionally improvised, of the last most significant cadence of a movement, usually reserved for soloists in concertos

Front 40

simple binary form

Back 40

from the form of most Baroque dances, a two-part form in which each section is repeated, with typical harmonic movement from tonic to dominant followed by dominant to tonic

Front 41

terraced dynamics

Back 41

Baroque concept of dynamics that alternate loud and soft in large sections

Front 42

harpsichord

Back 42

Baroque keyboard instrument with plucked strings

Front 43

oratorio

Back 43

multi-movement religious vocal genre, unstaged, in the musical style of opera but with expanded use of chorus

Front 44

church cantata

Back 44

multi-movement sacred vocal genre typically used in Lutheran church and based on pre-existing chorale tunes

Front 45

chorale

Back 45

German for hymn, a one-movement vocal genre created as a monophonic, congregational work for Lutheran church

Front 46

Viennese Classicism

Back 46

1750-1825, a cosmopolitan age for light, entertaining music dominated by the Viennese style, opera, the rise of the symphony and public concerts, and absolute musical forms

Front 47

Hapsburg Empire

Back 47

the Austrian-Hungarian Empire ruled by the Hapsburg family for hundreds of years, but interesting for us during the late 18 century

Front 48

Enlightenment

Back 48

a mostly French philosophical movement that influenced rulers such as Joseph II of Vienna to reform society by opening up education and the press and liberating the peasants

Front 49

sonata form

Back 49

typical first-movement form in many instrumental works from 1750 on, resulted from expansion of simple binary to long, complicated thematic struggle between tonic and related key (usually dominant)

Front 50

exposition, development, and recapitulation

Back 50

the three major sections of sonata form

Front 51

minuet and trio form

Back 51

typical third movement of a symphony or chamber music, holdover from Baroque dance suite, in /:a:/:b:/:c:/:d:/ab form, and triple meter

Front 52

rondo form

Back 52

typical last movement form for instrumental genres of V.C. characterized by opening, returning, and concluding memorable theme, alternating with episodes that leave the tonic key

Front 53

theme and variations forms

Back 53

beloved form beginning in V.C. in which a simple binary form theme is repeated structurally many times while its melodic and rhythmic features are varied; often used in slow second movements

Front 54

symphony

Back 54

standard four-movement genre for orchestra beginning in V.C., with typical tempi and forms for each of the four movements

Front 55

opera buffa

Back 55

new opera of V.C. reflecting ideals of Enlightenment and challenging the old opera seria: bass roles, not castrati; real people, not myths and heros; dynamic, forward-moving ensembles, not da capo arias

Front 56

ensemble (ensemble finale)

Back 56

section of opera buffa where two or more characters sing in aria style, but move the action forward and/or express changing, conflicting emotions

Front 57

Kochel numbers

Back 57

system given by Köchel to organize Mozart's 600+ compositions into chronological order

Front 58

string quartet

Back 58

most typical chamber music ensemble of V.C. and later–-two violins, viola and cello; also the genre/composition written for the string quartet (same movement structure as symphony)

Front 59

piano trio

Back 59

second most typical chamber music ensemble of V.C. and later–piano, violin, cello, and the genre name for compositions written for this ensemble