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280 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Filiform
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Thread-like, covered in cornfield epithelium, rostral 2/3|
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Fungiform
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- Low|- Rounded|- Containing taste buds|- Rostral 2/3
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Foliate
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- Large|- Leaf-like|- Marked by transverse fissures|- Contain taste buds|- Contain serous glands|- Maybe contain mucous glands
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Vallate
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- Large|- Circular|- Surrounded by a deep groove|- Tatse buds|- Serous and mucous glands in horse
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Lenticular
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- Medium size|- Round/flattened|- Found in ruminants on torus linguae
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Conical
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- Cone shaped|- Fairly large and soft |- Found on the root (not horses) and from cheek papillae in ruminants
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Gustatory papillae
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(those with taste buds)|1. Fungiform|2. Vallate|3. Foliate
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Tongue Gross Anatomy: Root
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- Attachment point to hyoid bone, soft palate and pharynx
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Tongue Gross Anatomy: Body
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- Middle region, with dorsal and 2 free lateral surfaces
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Tongue Gross Anatomy: Apex
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- Tip of tongue
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Tongue Gross Anatomy: Dorsum Linguae
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- Dorsal surface
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Tongue Gross Anatomy: Frenulum Linguae
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- Fold of mucous membrane linking the free ventral apex to floor of mouth
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Tongue Gross Anatomy: Torsus Linguae
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- (in ruminants) raised zone on caudal part of the dorsum
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Tongue Gross Anatomy: Fossa Linguae
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- (in cow) transverse groove in front of the torus
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Tongue Gross Anatomy: Lyssa
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- (in carnivores) a cord of muscular and fibrous tissue and fat on middle of under surface of tip
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Tongue Gross Anatomy: Dorsal Lingual Cartilage
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- (horses) median cord of elastic fibres and cartilage under mucosa of the dorsum
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Hypsodont Teeth
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- As surface wears, pulp may become exposed|- Sealed with secondary dentine|- Cheek teeth of herbivores|- Incisors of horses|- May continue to grow throughout life
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Tooth Surfaces: Occlusal
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- Where teeth meet each other when you close your mouth
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Tooth Surfaces: Lingual
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- Side of teeth in contact with tongue
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Tooth Surfaces: Vestibular
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- Side in contact with check (labial at front of mouth)
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Tooth Surfaces: Mesial
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- In between teeth, front of tooth
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Tooth Surfaces: Distal
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- In between teeth, back of tooth
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Buccal Gland
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- Dorsal/middle = mucous|- Ventral = Serous
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Oesophagus Histology: Mucosa
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- Stratified squamous epithelium|- Lamina propria = no glands|- Muscularis Mucosae = incomplete
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Oesophagus Histology: Submucosa
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- Mucous oesophageal glands, variable distribution
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Oesophagus Histology: Muscularis Externa
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- Initially spiral skeletal muscle from pharynx|- Forms cranial oesophageal sphincter |- Functions in sequence with cardiac sphincter|- Then outer longitudinal and inner circular mm|- Distribution of skeletal muscle varies with species
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Oesophagus Histology: Tunica Adventitia
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- Connective tissue sheath, allows movement
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Simple Stomach: Parietal Surface
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- Facing liver and diaphragm
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Simple Stomach: Visceral surface
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- Facing intestines and spleen
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Simple Stomach: Internal Morphology|- Non-glandular mucosa
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- Whitish|- Stratified squamous epithelium|- Often folded, may be thick and cornified
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Simple Stomach: Internal Morphology|- Glandular mucosa
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- Reddish to yellow|- Covered with columnar epithelium|- May have folds (rugae)
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Simple Stomach: Gastric Glands|- Fundic (Proper) Glands
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- Tubular|- Hydrochloric acid and enzymes
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Simple Stomach: Gastric Glands|- Cardiac Glands
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- Branched, tubular|- Mainly mucus secretion
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Simple Stomach: Gastric Glands|- Pyloric Glands
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- Short, branched and coiled|- Mucus and gastrin (polypeptide hormone)
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Ruminant Omentums: Lesser Omentum
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- From omasum and lesser curvature of abomasum|- To cranial border of duodenum
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Ruminant Omentums: Greater Omentum
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Superficial Layer|- Left longitudinal groove|- Ventral descending duodenum||Deep Layer|- Right longitudinal groove|- Ventral descending duodenum
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Complex Stomachs: Internal Morphology|- Rumen
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- Lining of cornfield, stratified squamous epithelium|- Increase surface area|- Papillae|--- Prominent in cranial, ventral and blind sacs|--- Reduced on pillars and on dorsal sac
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Complex Stomachs: Internal Morphology|- Reticulum
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- Honeycomb of crests|- Spaces between are called "cells"|- Subdivided by smaller crests|- Near cardia, rumen and reticulum merge at atrium ventriculi
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Complex Stomachs: Internal Morphology|- Omasum
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- Book or bible|- Large internal folds
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Complex Stomachs: Internal Morphology|- Abomasum
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Glandular Stomach||- Proper or Fundic Glands|--- Most of funds, reddish-grey||- Pyloric Glands|--- Pyloric region|--- Yellowish||- Cardiac Glands|--- Narrow region|--- Around omasoabomasal opening||- Pyloric sphincter with torus pyloricus
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Glandular Stomach: Glandular Regions|- Histological Regions
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1. funds and body|2. Pylorus
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Glandular Stomach: Glandular Regions|- Carnivores
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- Entire stomach
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Glandular Stomach: Glandular Regions|- Pigs
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- Most stomach
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Glandular Stomach: Glandular Regions|- Horses
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- 2/3 stomach
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Glandular Stomach: Glandular Regions|- Ruminants
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- Abomasum only
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Glandular Stomach: Cardiac Glands
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- Glands located in the lamina propria|- Columnar epithelium forming gastric pits|- Pale/frothy due to mucous|- Occasional parietal and peptic cells
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Glandular Stomach: Fundic Gland Area
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- Glands in the lamina propria|- There main secretory cells: mucous neck cells, chief (peptic) cells and parietal (oxyntic) cells|- Peptic cells are darker, parietal cells resemble "fried eggs"
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Glandular Stomach: Pyloric Glands
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- Gastric pits are deeper and wider|- Glands short, very branched and coiled|- Mainly mucous cells|- Occasionally parietal
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Horse
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- Non-glandular from oesophageal philter to margo plicatus
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Pig
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- Small zone around oesophageal sphincter
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Ruminants
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- Rumen|- Reticulum|- Omasum
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology
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- Stratified squamous epithelium|--- May be keratinised, esp. in horse|- Lamina propria|--- Dense irregular connective tissue
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Rumen
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- Lots of papillae (especially in blind and ventral sacs)|- Absent on pillars and dorsal wall|- Stratified squamous epithelium (thin keratinized layer)|- Lamina propria|--- Irregular dense CT|--- Capillaries, nerves|--- Lymphoid tissue absent |- No muscularis mucosa|- Submucosa: loose CT|- Tunica muscularis: 2-3 layers, thick at pillars|- Serosa: epithelium = simple squamous or cuboidal|- Subserosa: rich in adipose tissue
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Reticulum
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- Stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized)|- Honeycomb structure; primary, secondary and tertiary folds|- Muscularis mucosae may form rings around top of folds
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Reticulum Epithelium
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- Stratified Squamous Keratinized
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Reticulum lamina propria
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- Dense irregular CT|- Elastic Fibres
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Reticulum Submucosa
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- Loose CT, inseparable from lamina propria
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Reticulum Tunica Muscularis|
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- Outer longitudinal |- Inner circular|- Continuous with reticular groover
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Reticulum Serosa
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- Similar to rumen|- Epithelium = simple squamous or cuboidal
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Omasum
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- Book like folds (folding of mucosa)|- Stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized)|- Lamina propria = Loose CT, lots of capillaries|- Note how double layers of muscularis mucosae + muscularis extreme all extend into folds!|- Serosa same as rumen
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Gastric Groove: Spirals clockwise ...
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Oesophagus --> reticulum --> Omasum --> abomasum
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Gastric Groove
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- Reticular, omasal and abomasal parts|- Reticular portion can close over to form a tube, directing liquids from oesophagus to the omasum
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Taenia
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- Longitudinal muscle bands|- Providing support
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Haustra
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- Sacculations in the intestine wall
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Colon: Three Main Divisions
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- Ascending: from caecum, cranially on right|- Transverse: from right to left, in front of Cran. Mesenteric a. |- Descending: on left, caudal to rectum
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Colon in the Horse
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- Caecum (4)|- Right Ventral (4)|- Sternal Flexure (4)|- Left Ventral (4)|- Pelvic Flexure (1)|- Left Dorsal (1)|- Diaphragmatic Flexure (3)|- Right Dorsal (3)|- Transverse Colon (2)|- Descending Colon (2)|- Rectum and Anus
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Abdominal Blood Supply
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3 Unpaired arteries from aorta in abdomen:||1. Coeliac|- Spleic, left gastric, hepatic||2. Cranial Mesenteric |- Through root of mesentery|- Intestine from dist. duodenum to transv. colon||3. Caudal mesenteric |- Desc. colon and prox. rectum
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Venous Drainage
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Venous blood in intestinal capillaries |- Joins larger veins|- To Hepatic Portal V
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Hepatic Portal V. Branches
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- Gastroduodenal|- Splenic|- Cran. Mesenteric|- Caud. Mesenteric|- From liver --> Hepatic v. --. caudal vena cava
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Intestine Histology: Dog Duodenum
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- Large Villi|- Epithelium: simple columnar|- Lamina propria has Crypts of Lieberkuhn/Intestinal glands|- Submucosa has burners glands/duodenal glands (paler staining)
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Intestine Histology: Dog Jejunum
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- Similar to duodenum|- Less or no Brunner's Glands
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Intestine Histology: Dog Ileum
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- Similar to duodenum/jejunum|- More lymphatic tissue
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Intestine Histology: Caecum
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- No villi - smoother near lumen|- Lots of goblet cells |- More lymphatic tissue
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Nerve Plexuses
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Nerve plexuses, which control the contraction of smooth muscle, are found in:|- Submucosa (= Meissner's Plexus)|- Between circular and longitudinal muscles in the muscularis externa (= Auerbach's plexus)
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Large Intestine
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- No villi|- Crypts present|- Flatter surface|- Lots of goblet cells |- Muscularis mucosae: |--- Thinnest in caecum|--- Thickets in rectum|- Submucosa:|--- Blood vessels|--- Meissner's plexus|--- Lymph nodules
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Large Intestine: Tunica Muscularis
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Inner circular muscle|- Forms internal sphincter of anus||Outer longitudinal muscle|- Forms taenia in pig and horse|- Ends at anorectal line
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Shape of Liver
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Diaphragmatic (parietal) surface is:|- Convex and faces cranially, against diaphragm||Visceral surface is: |- Concave, faces caudally, near right kidney, stomach and intestine
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Liver Attachments: Visceral
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- Hepatogastric ligament to the stomach|- Hepatoduodenal ligament to the proximal duodenum|- Together form the lesser omentum
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Liver Attachments: Parietal
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- Triangular ligament R and L|- Coronary Ligament|- Falciform Ligament
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Minor Liver Attachments
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- Hepato-renal Ligament = Caudate Ligament|- Omentum|- Round Ligament
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Liver Blood Vessels
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Hepatic Artery|- Enters at porta||Hepatic Poratl Vein|- Enters at porta
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Sinusoids
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- From portal triad to central vein
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Gall Bladder
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- Stores and concentrates bile|- Not present in horses
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Pancreas
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- Compound acinus gland (mostly exocrine) secrete digestive enzymes|- Islet of langerhans: small masses of endocrine cells, secrete insulin and glucagon (paler then surrounding tissue)
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Pancreatic Ducts
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1. Intercalated duct draining into an intralobular duct (cuboidal epithelium)|2. Small interlobular ducts (columnar epithelium)|3. Large interlobular duct
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The lesser omentum extends to...
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Extends to the liver (hepatogastric ligament)
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Where can you find the omental bursa?
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Omental bursa lies between the superficial and deep layers of the greater omentum
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What is the torus pyloricus?
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- A protrusion serving to narrow the pyloric aperture|- Fatty|- On lesser curvature
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What do parietal cells produce?
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Acid
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What do peptic cells produce?
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- Enzymes
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Vela Abomasica
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Leading to abomasum, contain lymph nodes
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Ascending colon of Sheep
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Centripetal loops --> Central flexure --> centrifugal loops
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*
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name
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*
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theme
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Filiform
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Thread-like, covered in cornfield epithelium, rostral 2/3|
|
|
|
Fungiform
|
- Low|- Rounded|- Containing taste buds|- Rostral 2/3
|
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Foliate
|
- Large|- Leaf-like|- Marked by transverse fissures|- Contain taste buds|- Contain serous glands|- Maybe contain mucous glands
|
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Vallate
|
- Large|- Circular|- Surrounded by a deep groove|- Tatse buds|- Serous and mucous glands in horse
|
|
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Lenticular
|
- Medium size|- Round/flattened|- Found in ruminants on torus linguae
|
|
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Conical
|
- Cone shaped|- Fairly large and soft |- Found on the root (not horses) and from cheek papillae in ruminants
|
|
|
Gustatory papillae
|
(those with taste buds)|1. Fungiform|2. Vallate|3. Foliate
|
|
|
Tongue Gross Anatomy: Root
|
- Attachment point to hyoid bone, soft palate and pharynx
|
|
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Tongue Gross Anatomy: Body
|
- Middle region, with dorsal and 2 free lateral surfaces
|
|
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Tongue Gross Anatomy: Apex
|
- Tip of tongue
|
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Tongue Gross Anatomy: Dorsum Linguae
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- Dorsal surface
|
|
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Tongue Gross Anatomy: Frenulum Linguae
|
- Fold of mucous membrane linking the free ventral apex to floor of mouth
|
|
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Tongue Gross Anatomy: Torsus Linguae
|
- (in ruminants) raised zone on caudal part of the dorsum
|
|
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Tongue Gross Anatomy: Fossa Linguae
|
- (in cow) transverse groove in front of the torus
|
|
|
Tongue Gross Anatomy: Lyssa
|
- (in carnivores) a cord of muscular and fibrous tissue and fat on middle of under surface of tip
|
|
|
Tongue Gross Anatomy: Dorsal Lingual Cartilage
|
- (horses) median cord of elastic fibres and cartilage under mucosa of the dorsum
|
|
|
Hypsodont Teeth
|
- As surface wears, pulp may become exposed|- Sealed with secondary dentine|- Cheek teeth of herbivores|- Incisors of horses|- May continue to grow throughout life
|
|
|
Tooth Surfaces: Occlusal
|
- Where teeth meet each other when you close your mouth
|
|
|
Tooth Surfaces: Lingual
|
- Side of teeth in contact with tongue
|
|
|
Tooth Surfaces: Vestibular
|
- Side in contact with check (labial at front of mouth)
|
|
|
Tooth Surfaces: Mesial
|
- In between teeth, front of tooth
|
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Tooth Surfaces: Distal
|
- In between teeth, back of tooth
|
|
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Buccal Gland
|
- Dorsal/middle = mucous|- Ventral = Serous
|
|
|
Oesophagus Histology: Mucosa
|
- Stratified squamous epithelium|- Lamina propria = no glands|- Muscularis Mucosae = incomplete
|
|
|
Oesophagus Histology: Submucosa
|
- Mucous oesophageal glands, variable distribution
|
|
|
Oesophagus Histology: Muscularis Externa
|
- Initially spiral skeletal muscle from pharynx|- Forms cranial oesophageal sphincter |- Functions in sequence with cardiac sphincter|- Then outer longitudinal and inner circular mm|- Distribution of skeletal muscle varies with species
|
|
|
Oesophagus Histology: Tunica Adventitia
|
- Connective tissue sheath, allows movement
|
|
|
Simple Stomach: Parietal Surface
|
- Facing liver and diaphragm
|
|
|
Simple Stomach: Visceral surface
|
- Facing intestines and spleen
|
|
|
Simple Stomach: Internal Morphology|- Non-glandular mucosa
|
- Whitish|- Stratified squamous epithelium|- Often folded, may be thick and cornified
|
|
|
Simple Stomach: Internal Morphology|- Glandular mucosa
|
- Reddish to yellow|- Covered with columnar epithelium|- May have folds (rugae)
|
|
|
Simple Stomach: Gastric Glands|- Fundic (Proper) Glands
|
- Tubular|- Hydrochloric acid and enzymes
|
|
|
Simple Stomach: Gastric Glands|- Cardiac Glands
|
- Branched, tubular|- Mainly mucus secretion
|
|
|
Simple Stomach: Gastric Glands|- Pyloric Glands
|
- Short, branched and coiled|- Mucus and gastrin (polypeptide hormone)
|
|
|
Ruminant Omentums: Lesser Omentum
|
- From omasum and lesser curvature of abomasum|- To cranial border of duodenum
|
|
|
Ruminant Omentums: Greater Omentum
|
Superficial Layer|- Left longitudinal groove|- Ventral descending duodenum||Deep Layer|- Right longitudinal groove|- Ventral descending duodenum
|
|
|
Complex Stomachs: Internal Morphology|- Rumen
|
- Lining of cornfield, stratified squamous epithelium|- Increase surface area|- Papillae|--- Prominent in cranial, ventral and blind sacs|--- Reduced on pillars and on dorsal sac
|
|
|
Complex Stomachs: Internal Morphology|- Reticulum
|
- Honeycomb of crests|- Spaces between are called "cells"|- Subdivided by smaller crests|- Near cardia, rumen and reticulum merge at atrium ventriculi
|
|
|
Complex Stomachs: Internal Morphology|- Omasum
|
- Book or bible|- Large internal folds
|
|
|
Complex Stomachs: Internal Morphology|- Abomasum
|
Glandular Stomach||- Proper or Fundic Glands|--- Most of funds, reddish-grey||- Pyloric Glands|--- Pyloric region|--- Yellowish||- Cardiac Glands|--- Narrow region|--- Around omasoabomasal opening||- Pyloric sphincter with torus pyloricus
|
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Glandular Stomach: Glandular Regions|- Histological Regions
|
1. funds and body|2. Pylorus
|
|
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Glandular Stomach: Glandular Regions|- Carnivores
|
- Entire stomach
|
|
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Glandular Stomach: Glandular Regions|- Pigs
|
- Most stomach
|
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Glandular Stomach: Glandular Regions|- Horses
|
- 2/3 stomach
|
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Glandular Stomach: Glandular Regions|- Ruminants
|
- Abomasum only
|
|
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Glandular Stomach: Cardiac Glands
|
- Glands located in the lamina propria|- Columnar epithelium forming gastric pits|- Pale/frothy due to mucous|- Occasional parietal and peptic cells
|
|
|
Glandular Stomach: Fundic Gland Area
|
- Glands in the lamina propria|- There main secretory cells: mucous neck cells, chief (peptic) cells and parietal (oxyntic) cells|- Peptic cells are darker, parietal cells resemble "fried eggs"
|
|
|
Glandular Stomach: Pyloric Glands
|
- Gastric pits are deeper and wider|- Glands short, very branched and coiled|- Mainly mucous cells|- Occasionally parietal
|
|
|
Non-Glandular Stomach: Horse
|
- Non-glandular from oesophageal philter to margo plicatus
|
|
|
Non-Glandular Stomach: Pig
|
- Small zone around oesophageal sphincter
|
|
|
Non-Glandular Stomach: Ruminants
|
- Rumen|- Reticulum|- Omasum
|
|
|
Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology
|
- Stratified squamous epithelium|--- May be keratinised, esp. in horse|- Lamina propria|--- Dense irregular connective tissue
|
|
|
Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Rumen
|
- Lots of papillae (especially in blind and ventral sacs)|- Absent on pillars and dorsal wall|- Stratified squamous epithelium (thin keratinized layer)|- Lamina propria|--- Irregular dense CT|--- Capillaries, nerves|--- Lymphoid tissue absent |- No muscularis mucosa|- Submucosa: loose CT|- Tunica muscularis: 2-3 layers, thick at pillars|- Serosa: epithelium = simple squamous or cuboidal|- Subserosa: rich in adipose tissue
|
|
|
Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Reticulum
|
- Stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized)|- Honeycomb structure; primary, secondary and tertiary folds|- Muscularis mucosae may form rings around top of folds
|
|
|
Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Reticulum Epithelium
|
- Stratified Squamous Keratinized
|
|
|
Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Reticulum lamina propria
|
- Dense irregular CT|- Elastic Fibres
|
|
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Reticulum Submucosa
|
- Loose CT, inseparable from lamina propria
|
|
|
Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Reticulum Tunica Muscularis|
|
- Outer longitudinal |- Inner circular|- Continuous with reticular groover
|
|
|
Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Reticulum Serosa
|
- Similar to rumen|- Epithelium = simple squamous or cuboidal
|
|
|
Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Omasum
|
- Book like folds (folding of mucosa)|- Stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized)|- Lamina propria = Loose CT, lots of capillaries|- Note how double layers of muscularis mucosae + muscularis extreme all extend into folds!|- Serosa same as rumen
|
|
|
Gastric Groove: Spirals clockwise ...
|
Oesophagus --> reticulum --> Omasum --> abomasum
|
|
|
Gastric Groove
|
- Reticular, omasal and abomasal parts|- Reticular portion can close over to form a tube, directing liquids from oesophagus to the omasum
|
|
|
Taenia
|
- Longitudinal muscle bands|- Providing support
|
|
|
Haustra
|
- Sacculations in the intestine wall
|
|
|
Colon: Three Main Divisions
|
- Ascending: from caecum, cranially on right|- Transverse: from right to left, in front of Cran. Mesenteric a. |- Descending: on left, caudal to rectum
|
|
|
Colon in the Horse
|
- Caecum (4)|- Right Ventral (4)|- Sternal Flexure (4)|- Left Ventral (4)|- Pelvic Flexure (1)|- Left Dorsal (1)|- Diaphragmatic Flexure (3)|- Right Dorsal (3)|- Transverse Colon (2)|- Descending Colon (2)|- Rectum and Anus
|
|
|
Abdominal Blood Supply
|
3 Unpaired arteries from aorta in abdomen:||1. Coeliac|- Spleic, left gastric, hepatic||2. Cranial Mesenteric |- Through root of mesentery|- Intestine from dist. duodenum to transv. colon||3. Caudal mesenteric |- Desc. colon and prox. rectum
|
|
|
Venous Drainage
|
Venous blood in intestinal capillaries |- Joins larger veins|- To Hepatic Portal V
|
|
|
Hepatic Portal V. Branches
|
- Gastroduodenal|- Splenic|- Cran. Mesenteric|- Caud. Mesenteric|- From liver --> Hepatic v. --. caudal vena cava
|
|
|
Intestine Histology: Dog Duodenum
|
- Large Villi|- Epithelium: simple columnar|- Lamina propria has Crypts of Lieberkuhn/Intestinal glands|- Submucosa has burners glands/duodenal glands (paler staining)
|
|
|
Intestine Histology: Dog Jejunum
|
- Similar to duodenum|- Less or no Brunner's Glands
|
|
|
Intestine Histology: Dog Ileum
|
- Similar to duodenum/jejunum|- More lymphatic tissue
|
|
|
Intestine Histology: Caecum
|
- No villi - smoother near lumen|- Lots of goblet cells |- More lymphatic tissue
|
|
|
Nerve Plexuses
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Nerve plexuses, which control the contraction of smooth muscle, are found in:|- Submucosa (= Meissner's Plexus)|- Between circular and longitudinal muscles in the muscularis externa (= Auerbach's plexus)
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Large Intestine
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- No villi|- Crypts present|- Flatter surface|- Lots of goblet cells |- Muscularis mucosae: |--- Thinnest in caecum|--- Thickets in rectum|- Submucosa:|--- Blood vessels|--- Meissner's plexus|--- Lymph nodules
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Large Intestine: Tunica Muscularis
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Inner circular muscle|- Forms internal sphincter of anus||Outer longitudinal muscle|- Forms taenia in pig and horse|- Ends at anorectal line
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Shape of Liver
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Diaphragmatic (parietal) surface is:|- Convex and faces cranially, against diaphragm||Visceral surface is: |- Concave, faces caudally, near right kidney, stomach and intestine
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Liver Attachments: Visceral
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- Hepatogastric ligament to the stomach|- Hepatoduodenal ligament to the proximal duodenum|- Together form the lesser omentum
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Liver Attachments: Parietal
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- Triangular ligament R and L|- Coronary Ligament|- Falciform Ligament
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name
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Minor Liver Attachments
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- Hepato-renal Ligament = Caudate Ligament|- Omentum|- Round Ligament
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Liver Blood Vessels
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Hepatic Artery|- Enters at porta||Hepatic Poratl Vein|- Enters at porta
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theme
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Sinusoids
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- From portal triad to central vein
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Filiform
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Thread-like, covered in cornfield epithelium, rostral 2/3|
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Gall Bladder
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- Stores and concentrates bile|- Not present in horses
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Fungiform
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- Low|- Rounded|- Containing taste buds|- Rostral 2/3
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Pancreas
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- Compound acinus gland (mostly exocrine) secrete digestive enzymes|- Islet of langerhans: small masses of endocrine cells, secrete insulin and glucagon (paler then surrounding tissue)
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Foliate
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- Large|- Leaf-like|- Marked by transverse fissures|- Contain taste buds|- Contain serous glands|- Maybe contain mucous glands
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Vallate
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- Large|- Circular|- Surrounded by a deep groove|- Tatse buds|- Serous and mucous glands in horse
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Pancreatic Ducts
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1. Intercalated duct draining into an intralobular duct (cuboidal epithelium)|2. Small interlobular ducts (columnar epithelium)|3. Large interlobular duct
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The lesser omentum extends to...
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Extends to the liver (hepatogastric ligament)
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Lenticular
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- Medium size|- Round/flattened|- Found in ruminants on torus linguae
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Conical
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- Cone shaped|- Fairly large and soft |- Found on the root (not horses) and from cheek papillae in ruminants
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Where can you find the omental bursa?
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Omental bursa lies between the superficial and deep layers of the greater omentum
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What is the torus pyloricus?
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- A protrusion serving to narrow the pyloric aperture|- Fatty|- On lesser curvature
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Gustatory papillae
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(those with taste buds)|1. Fungiform|2. Vallate|3. Foliate
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What do parietal cells produce?
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Acid
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Tongue Gross Anatomy: Root
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- Attachment point to hyoid bone, soft palate and pharynx
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Tongue Gross Anatomy: Body
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- Middle region, with dorsal and 2 free lateral surfaces
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What do peptic cells produce?
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- Enzymes
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Vela Abomasica
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Leading to abomasum, contain lymph nodes
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Tongue Gross Anatomy: Apex
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- Tip of tongue
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Tongue Gross Anatomy: Dorsum Linguae
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- Dorsal surface
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Ascending colon of Sheep
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Centripetal loops --> Central flexure --> centrifugal loops
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Tongue Gross Anatomy: Frenulum Linguae
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- Fold of mucous membrane linking the free ventral apex to floor of mouth
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Tongue Gross Anatomy: Torsus Linguae
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- (in ruminants) raised zone on caudal part of the dorsum
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Tongue Gross Anatomy: Fossa Linguae
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- (in cow) transverse groove in front of the torus
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Tongue Gross Anatomy: Lyssa
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- (in carnivores) a cord of muscular and fibrous tissue and fat on middle of under surface of tip
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Tongue Gross Anatomy: Dorsal Lingual Cartilage
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- (horses) median cord of elastic fibres and cartilage under mucosa of the dorsum
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Hypsodont Teeth
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- As surface wears, pulp may become exposed|- Sealed with secondary dentine|- Cheek teeth of herbivores|- Incisors of horses|- May continue to grow throughout life
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Tooth Surfaces: Occlusal
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- Where teeth meet each other when you close your mouth
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Tooth Surfaces: Lingual
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- Side of teeth in contact with tongue
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Tooth Surfaces: Vestibular
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- Side in contact with check (labial at front of mouth)
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Tooth Surfaces: Mesial
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- In between teeth, front of tooth
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Tooth Surfaces: Distal
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- In between teeth, back of tooth
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Buccal Gland
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- Dorsal/middle = mucous|- Ventral = Serous
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Oesophagus Histology: Mucosa
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- Stratified squamous epithelium|- Lamina propria = no glands|- Muscularis Mucosae = incomplete
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Oesophagus Histology: Submucosa
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- Mucous oesophageal glands, variable distribution
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Oesophagus Histology: Muscularis Externa
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- Initially spiral skeletal muscle from pharynx|- Forms cranial oesophageal sphincter |- Functions in sequence with cardiac sphincter|- Then outer longitudinal and inner circular mm|- Distribution of skeletal muscle varies with species
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Oesophagus Histology: Tunica Adventitia
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- Connective tissue sheath, allows movement
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Simple Stomach: Parietal Surface
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- Facing liver and diaphragm
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Simple Stomach: Visceral surface
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- Facing intestines and spleen
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Simple Stomach: Internal Morphology|- Non-glandular mucosa
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- Whitish|- Stratified squamous epithelium|- Often folded, may be thick and cornified
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Simple Stomach: Internal Morphology|- Glandular mucosa
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- Reddish to yellow|- Covered with columnar epithelium|- May have folds (rugae)
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Simple Stomach: Gastric Glands|- Fundic (Proper) Glands
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- Tubular|- Hydrochloric acid and enzymes
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Simple Stomach: Gastric Glands|- Cardiac Glands
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- Branched, tubular|- Mainly mucus secretion
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Simple Stomach: Gastric Glands|- Pyloric Glands
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- Short, branched and coiled|- Mucus and gastrin (polypeptide hormone)
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Ruminant Omentums: Lesser Omentum
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- From omasum and lesser curvature of abomasum|- To cranial border of duodenum
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Ruminant Omentums: Greater Omentum
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Superficial Layer|- Left longitudinal groove|- Ventral descending duodenum||Deep Layer|- Right longitudinal groove|- Ventral descending duodenum
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Complex Stomachs: Internal Morphology|- Rumen
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- Lining of cornfield, stratified squamous epithelium|- Increase surface area|- Papillae|--- Prominent in cranial, ventral and blind sacs|--- Reduced on pillars and on dorsal sac
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Complex Stomachs: Internal Morphology|- Reticulum
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- Honeycomb of crests|- Spaces between are called "cells"|- Subdivided by smaller crests|- Near cardia, rumen and reticulum merge at atrium ventriculi
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Complex Stomachs: Internal Morphology|- Omasum
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- Book or bible|- Large internal folds
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Complex Stomachs: Internal Morphology|- Abomasum
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Glandular Stomach||- Proper or Fundic Glands|--- Most of funds, reddish-grey||- Pyloric Glands|--- Pyloric region|--- Yellowish||- Cardiac Glands|--- Narrow region|--- Around omasoabomasal opening||- Pyloric sphincter with torus pyloricus
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Glandular Stomach: Glandular Regions|- Histological Regions
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1. funds and body|2. Pylorus
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Glandular Stomach: Glandular Regions|- Carnivores
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- Entire stomach
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Glandular Stomach: Glandular Regions|- Pigs
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- Most stomach
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Glandular Stomach: Glandular Regions|- Horses
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- 2/3 stomach
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Glandular Stomach: Glandular Regions|- Ruminants
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- Abomasum only
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Glandular Stomach: Cardiac Glands
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- Glands located in the lamina propria|- Columnar epithelium forming gastric pits|- Pale/frothy due to mucous|- Occasional parietal and peptic cells
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Glandular Stomach: Fundic Gland Area
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- Glands in the lamina propria|- There main secretory cells: mucous neck cells, chief (peptic) cells and parietal (oxyntic) cells|- Peptic cells are darker, parietal cells resemble "fried eggs"
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Glandular Stomach: Pyloric Glands
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- Gastric pits are deeper and wider|- Glands short, very branched and coiled|- Mainly mucous cells|- Occasionally parietal
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Horse
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- Non-glandular from oesophageal philter to margo plicatus
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Pig
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- Small zone around oesophageal sphincter
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Ruminants
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- Rumen|- Reticulum|- Omasum
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology
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- Stratified squamous epithelium|--- May be keratinised, esp. in horse|- Lamina propria|--- Dense irregular connective tissue
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Rumen
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- Lots of papillae (especially in blind and ventral sacs)|- Absent on pillars and dorsal wall|- Stratified squamous epithelium (thin keratinized layer)|- Lamina propria|--- Irregular dense CT|--- Capillaries, nerves|--- Lymphoid tissue absent |- No muscularis mucosa|- Submucosa: loose CT|- Tunica muscularis: 2-3 layers, thick at pillars|- Serosa: epithelium = simple squamous or cuboidal|- Subserosa: rich in adipose tissue
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Reticulum
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- Stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized)|- Honeycomb structure; primary, secondary and tertiary folds|- Muscularis mucosae may form rings around top of folds
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Reticulum Epithelium
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- Stratified Squamous Keratinized
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Reticulum lamina propria
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- Dense irregular CT|- Elastic Fibres
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Reticulum Submucosa
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- Loose CT, inseparable from lamina propria
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Reticulum Tunica Muscularis|
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- Outer longitudinal |- Inner circular|- Continuous with reticular groover
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Reticulum Serosa
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- Similar to rumen|- Epithelium = simple squamous or cuboidal
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Omasum
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- Book like folds (folding of mucosa)|- Stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized)|- Lamina propria = Loose CT, lots of capillaries|- Note how double layers of muscularis mucosae + muscularis extreme all extend into folds!|- Serosa same as rumen
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Gastric Groove: Spirals clockwise ...
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Oesophagus --> reticulum --> Omasum --> abomasum
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Gastric Groove
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- Reticular, omasal and abomasal parts|- Reticular portion can close over to form a tube, directing liquids from oesophagus to the omasum
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Taenia
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- Longitudinal muscle bands|- Providing support
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Haustra
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- Sacculations in the intestine wall
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Colon: Three Main Divisions
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- Ascending: from caecum, cranially on right|- Transverse: from right to left, in front of Cran. Mesenteric a. |- Descending: on left, caudal to rectum
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Colon in the Horse
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- Caecum (4)|- Right Ventral (4)|- Sternal Flexure (4)|- Left Ventral (4)|- Pelvic Flexure (1)|- Left Dorsal (1)|- Diaphragmatic Flexure (3)|- Right Dorsal (3)|- Transverse Colon (2)|- Descending Colon (2)|- Rectum and Anus
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Abdominal Blood Supply
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3 Unpaired arteries from aorta in abdomen:||1. Coeliac|- Spleic, left gastric, hepatic||2. Cranial Mesenteric |- Through root of mesentery|- Intestine from dist. duodenum to transv. colon||3. Caudal mesenteric |- Desc. colon and prox. rectum
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Venous Drainage
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Venous blood in intestinal capillaries |- Joins larger veins|- To Hepatic Portal V
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Hepatic Portal V. Branches
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- Gastroduodenal|- Splenic|- Cran. Mesenteric|- Caud. Mesenteric|- From liver --> Hepatic v. --. caudal vena cava
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Intestine Histology: Dog Duodenum
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- Large Villi|- Epithelium: simple columnar|- Lamina propria has Crypts of Lieberkuhn/Intestinal glands|- Submucosa has burners glands/duodenal glands (paler staining)
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Intestine Histology: Dog Jejunum
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- Similar to duodenum|- Less or no Brunner's Glands
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Intestine Histology: Dog Ileum
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- Similar to duodenum/jejunum|- More lymphatic tissue
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Intestine Histology: Caecum
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- No villi - smoother near lumen|- Lots of goblet cells |- More lymphatic tissue
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Nerve Plexuses
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Nerve plexuses, which control the contraction of smooth muscle, are found in:|- Submucosa (= Meissner's Plexus)|- Between circular and longitudinal muscles in the muscularis externa (= Auerbach's plexus)
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Large Intestine
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- No villi|- Crypts present|- Flatter surface|- Lots of goblet cells |- Muscularis mucosae: |--- Thinnest in caecum|--- Thickets in rectum|- Submucosa:|--- Blood vessels|--- Meissner's plexus|--- Lymph nodules
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Large Intestine: Tunica Muscularis
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Inner circular muscle|- Forms internal sphincter of anus||Outer longitudinal muscle|- Forms taenia in pig and horse|- Ends at anorectal line
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Shape of Liver
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Diaphragmatic (parietal) surface is:|- Convex and faces cranially, against diaphragm||Visceral surface is: |- Concave, faces caudally, near right kidney, stomach and intestine
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Liver Attachments: Visceral
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- Hepatogastric ligament to the stomach|- Hepatoduodenal ligament to the proximal duodenum|- Together form the lesser omentum
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Liver Attachments: Parietal
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- Triangular ligament R and L|- Coronary Ligament|- Falciform Ligament
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Minor Liver Attachments
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- Hepato-renal Ligament = Caudate Ligament|- Omentum|- Round Ligament
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Liver Blood Vessels
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Hepatic Artery|- Enters at porta||Hepatic Poratl Vein|- Enters at porta
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Sinusoids
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- From portal triad to central vein
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Gall Bladder
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- Stores and concentrates bile|- Not present in horses
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Pancreas
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- Compound acinus gland (mostly exocrine) secrete digestive enzymes|- Islet of langerhans: small masses of endocrine cells, secrete insulin and glucagon (paler then surrounding tissue)
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Pancreatic Ducts
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1. Intercalated duct draining into an intralobular duct (cuboidal epithelium)|2. Small interlobular ducts (columnar epithelium)|3. Large interlobular duct
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The lesser omentum extends to...
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Extends to the liver (hepatogastric ligament)
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Where can you find the omental bursa?
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Omental bursa lies between the superficial and deep layers of the greater omentum
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What is the torus pyloricus?
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- A protrusion serving to narrow the pyloric aperture|- Fatty|- On lesser curvature
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What do parietal cells produce?
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Acid
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What do peptic cells produce?
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- Enzymes
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Vela Abomasica
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Leading to abomasum, contain lymph nodes
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Ascending colon of Sheep
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Centripetal loops --> Central flexure --> centrifugal loops
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