Test 1 Research Methods Bcm

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cross sectional study

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1 period of time, taking a cross section of people

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Quasi-experiment designs are often used instead of experimental design because

Back 2

constrains make experiment infeasable

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When selecting a comparison group in quasi experimental group one should:

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select a group as similar as possible to experimental group

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to avoid pitfalls in experiments in agencies researchers should

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include agency staff

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T/F Agency staff will always completely comply with research protocol

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False

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what is a case control design

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collects retrospect data,

looks for differences that explain different outcomes

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what is Intervention fidelity

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how well intervention deliver what is supposed to deliver

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Qualitative techniques include

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interviews, focus groups, event logs

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T/F cross-sectional are studies based on observations at one time

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True

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T/F time series designs use repeated measures before and after an intervention

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True

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an inference is

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conclusion that can be logically drawn in light of the research

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What is epidemiology

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The study of the causes of physical and social disorders and how they spread

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What is Attrition

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A threat to the validity of an experiment that occurs when participants drop pout of an experiment before it is completed

Can be called Experimental Mortality

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Minimize attrition by

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1. Reimbursement

2. Avoid disappointing or frustrating participants

3. Utilize tracking methods

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Quasi Experimental Design

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Design that attempts to control for threats to internal validity and thus permits casual inferences but is distinguished from true experiments primarily by the lack of random assignment of subjects

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Cross-Sectional Study

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A study based on observations that represent a single point in time.

Different people at one time

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Longitudinal Study

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A study design that involves the collection of data at different points in time.

Same people throughout a period of time.

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Key features of Scientific Method

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1. Tentative

2. Replication

3. Observation

4. Unbiased

5. Transparency

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How do we know things

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1. Traditions

2. Authority

3. Common Sense

4. Popular Media

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Flaws in Knowledge

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1. Over generalization

2. Selective Observations

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Evidence Based Practice

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aprocess in which practitioners make decisions in light of the best researchavailable

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Steps in Evidence Based practice

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1. Formulate a question to answer practice needs

2. Search for the Evidence

3. Critically appraise the relevant studies you find

4. Determine which research supported intervention or policy is most appropriate for your particular client

5. Apply the chosen intervention

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Hypothesis

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a tentative and testable prediction about how changes in one thing are expected to explain and be accompanied bu changes in something else

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independent variable

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a variable whose value are not problematical in an analysis but are taken as simply given. causes or explains dependent variable.

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Dependent Variable

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That variable that is assumed to depend on, or be caused by, another (independent variable).

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Qualitative methods

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more likely to tap deeper meanings of human experience and generate theoretically richer observations not easily reduced to numbers

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Quantitative Methods

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researchmethods emphasize the production of precise and generalizable

statisticalfindingsWhen we wants to verify whether a cause produces an effect in general

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Mixed methods

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researchrefers to the use of combination of quantitative and qualitative researchmethods within the same study

not enough to simply use both qualitative and quantitative data; must alsointegrate them to improve understanding and strengthen the study

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Cultural Competence

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being aware of and appropriatelyresponding to the ways in which cultural factors and differences can influenceall stages of the research process

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Acculturation

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the process in which a group orindividual changes after coming into contact with a majority culture, taking onthe language, values, attitudes and lifestyle preferences of the majorityculture

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Ethnocentrism

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The belief in the superiority of ones own culture

"my culture is better than yours"

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Cultural Bias

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occurswhen a measurement procedure is administered to a minority culture withoutadjusting for ways in which the culture’s unique values, attitudes, etc. alterthe accuracy or meaning of what is being measured

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Positive relationship between variables

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the dependent variable increases as theindependent variable increases (or decreases as the independent variabledecreases)

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Negative (inverse) relationship between variables

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means that the two variables move inopposite directions

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Curvilinearrelationship between variables

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one in which the nature of therelationship changes at certain levels of the variables

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Extraneous Variables

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representalternative explanations for relationships observed between independent anddependent variables

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Moderating (control) Variable

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affect the strength or direction of therelationship between the independent and dependent variables

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Mediating (Intervening) Variable

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an independent variable might affect adependent variable

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Operational Definition

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The concrete and specific definition of something in terms of the operations by which observations are to be catagorized

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Systematic Error

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An error in measurement with a consistent pattern of effects

Example: if you ask an abusive parent if they are abusing their children you constantly will get the answer no because they do not want to get in trouble.

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Random Error

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A measurement error that has no consistent pattern of effects and that reduces the reliability of measurement

Example: asking questions participants do not understand will not get accurate results

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Biases

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1. quality of a measurement device that tends to result in the misrepresentation of what is being measured in a particular direction.

2. The thing inside a person that makes other people or groups seem consistently better or worse than they really are.

"I may be bias butt...."

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Reliability

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whether a particular technique, appliedrepeatedly to the same object, would yield the same result each time

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Types of reliability

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- Interobserver and Interrater Reliability

- Test-Retest Reliability

- Internal Consistency Reliability

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Validity

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Theextent to which an empirical measure adequately reflects the real meaning of the concept under consideration

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Types of Validity

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- Face

- Content

- Criterion-Related

- Construct

- Convergent

- Discriminant

- Factorial

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Face Validity

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the measure appears to measure what the researcher intended

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Content Validity

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thedegree to which a measure covers the range of meanings included within theconcept

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Criterion-Related Validity

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based on an external criterion we believeis another measure of the same variable

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Construct Validity

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based on the way a measure relates toother variables within a system of theoretical relationships

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Convergentvalidity

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resultscorrespond to the results of other methods of measuring the same construct

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Discriminantvalidity

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the results do not correspond as highlywith measures of other constructs as they do with other measures of the sameconstruct

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Factorial Validity

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how many constructs a scale measures, andwhether the number of constructs and items that make up the constructs are whatthe researcher intends; factoranalysis