Test 1 Chapter 6

Front 1

What is the difference between sensation and perception?

Back 1

Sensation is the stimulation of receptor cells that send messages to the brain
Perception is the interpretation of the sensation.

Front 2

What are subliminal messages? What is priming? How effective is subliminal persuasion?

Back 2

Sumblinal messages are messages to the unconscious mind.
Subliminal persuasion not effective.
Priming is when subliminal stimulus affects our response to related stimulus. after seeing bread you can more easily detect butter.

Front 3

What is transduction? Where does it take place?

Back 3

-part of process of sensation-transduction converts energy into action potentials which are transmitted along axons toward the CNS where it is integrated

Front 4

What are sensory receptors? What do they do? What is adaptation?

Back 4

-Also part of process of sensation-sensory receptors initiate transduction

Front 5

What are wavelength, frequency, and amplitude? How do they affect our perception of light and sound?

Back 5

-Sensory Energy- light and sound travel through space in waves. Waves have properties that determine how we interpret light and sound.
-Wavelength- distance between waves
-Frequency- waves per unit per time
-Amplitude- height of waves
Shorter wave length, higher frequency=bluish colors and high pitched sounds
Longer wave length, low frequency=reddish colors and low pitches sounds
Smaller amplitude=dull colors, soft sounds
Greater amplitude=bright colors, loud sounds

Front 6

Are all forms of electromagnetic radiation visible to humans?

Back 6

No, all forms of electromagnetic radiation are NOT visible to humans.

Front 7

Know the major cell types of the retina and the flow of information therein.

Back 7

Photoreceptors- 2 types (cones and rods)
-cones: ability to see color perform best in good lighting, concentrated at back of retina called fovea where vision is sharpest, visual acuity-ability to see detail
-rods: help you see in low light, located around retina, around sides.

Front 8

How does the image coming in through the eye differ from the image that falls on the retina?

Back 8

The image is upside down and reversed when coming through the retina.
1. rods and cones
2. bipolar cells
3. ganglion cells
4. optic nerves- carries info to brain where thalamus receives and distributes info
5. blind spot- after optic nerve leaves the eye there are no receptor cells creating a blind spot

Front 9

Where is the visual cortex?

Back 9

occipital lobe

Front 10

Know theories of color vision and how they explain our ability to see color, why both are correct, what one explains that the other cannot.

Back 10

The Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision
By mixing pure versions of green, red and blue lights we can see every color visible to us. Ratio of activity of different cones tell us what we're seeing.

Opponent Process Thoery of Color Vision
Three pairs of color-sensitve visual elements
Red/Green- Blue/Yellow- Black/White
Members of each pair inhibit their partner.

Front 11

Know structures of the ear and their functions. Where are the auditory receptors?

Back 11

Outer Ear:
Phinna- funnels sounds into ear canal
Ear canal
Middle Ear
Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
Hammer, anvil and stirrup little bones that amplify sound
Oval window
Inner Ear
Cochlea
Basilar membrane
Hair cells → trigger↓
Auditory nerve
Semicircular canals- balance

Front 12

Where is the auditory cortex?

Back 12

temporal lobe

Front 13

What are the two types of deafness and how do they differ?

Back 13

The 2 types of deafness are:
Conduction Deafness- 3 bones struck together/eardrum popped- middle ear damaged.
Nerve/Sensorinueral Deafness- damage to hair cells of auditory nerve.
Cochlear implants

Front 14

How do the two theories we covered explain how we perceive pitch? How are they both correct?

Back 14

Pitch Theory
Different pitch sounds vibrate in different place on the basilar membrane
Frequency Matching theory
Auditory nerve fires at the same rate as the sound frequency.

Front 15

What are the chemical senses?

Back 15

smell and taste

Front 16

What is gustation?

Back 16

Uses taste buds and papillaes (sweet, sour, bitter, salty)

Front 17

What is unique about olfaction regarding its path through the brain?

Back 17

Olfaction is the only sense in which neurons do not synapses in the thalamus.

Front 18

What sensory information does our skin provide us?

Back 18

Touch, temperature, pressure, pain

Front 19

What is the gate-control theory? How does it explain cognitive and emotional influences on pain?

Back 19

Gate-control theory says the “gate” open or close to allow pain signals to go to brain.

Front 20

What are endorphins?

Back 20

Endorphins are neurotransmitters that block pain signals.

Front 21

Why might some people be better able to tolerate pain than others?

Back 21

Because they have more endorphins.

Front 22

What is meant by bottom-up and top-down processing?

Back 22

Bottom-up processing is examining features of stimulus. (little kid learning to read)
Top-down processing is the perception relies on expectations, experiences, and learning.

Front 23

What is the word-superiority effect?

Back 23

Is that people are more accurate in recognizing a letter in the context of a word they recognize- Basket vs. Kbstea

Front 24

How do schemas, perceptual sets, and context influence perception?

Back 24

Schemas are knowledge frameworks
Perceptual sets are the rediness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way
Context is the environment can activate a schema.

Front 25

What do reversible figures illustrate?

Back 25

Figure (main) and ground (background)

Front 26

What is meant by gestalt?

Back 26

Gestalt- “the whole is greater than the sum of its parts” → people fill in missing lines to form pictures.

Front 27

What do illusory contours illustrate?

Back 27

fill in whats missing

Front 28

What is linear perspective?

Back 28

is convergence and distance

Front 29

What is size, shape, and color/brightness constancy?

Back 29

are consistent perceptions when sensory features change.

Front 30

How can culture and experience influence our perceptions?

Back 30

influence our perception of depth in photos and drawings.

Front 31

What do human factors psychologists do?

Back 31

Human factors psychologists use user friendly designs.

Front 32

What is synesthesia?

Back 32

when senses are cross-wired

Front 33

What does scientific research indicate about ESP and psychics?

Back 33

ESP and physics have no solid, reproductive evidence.