Test 1 Cardio Assessment

Front 1

nonmodifiable (uncontrollable) risk factors

Back 1

including the patient's age, gender, ethnic origin, and family history of cardiovascular disease.

Front 2

Modifiable (controllable) risk factors

Back 2

should also be assessed. Modifiable risk factors are personal lifestyle habits, including cigarette use, physical inactivity, obesity, and psychological variables.

Front 3

pack-years

Back 3

which is the number of packs per day multiplied by the number of years the patient has smoked

Front 4

The social history

Back 4

includes information about the patient's living situation, including having a domestic partner, other household members, environment, and occupation.

Front 5

dyspnea on exertion (DOE)-

Back 5

Dyspnea that is associated with activity, such as climbing stairs

Front 6

orthopnea

Back 6

dyspnea that appears when he or she lies flat

Front 7

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)-

Back 7

In the patient with heart disease, difficulty breathing that develops after lying down for several hours and causes the patient to awaken abruptly with a feeling of suffocation and panic. Occurs because the heart is unable to compensate for the increased volume when blood from the lower extremities is redistributed to the venous system, which increases venous return to the heart. A diseased heart is ineffective in pumping the additional fluid into the circulatory system, and pulmonary congestion

Front 8

palpitations

Back 8

A feeling of fluttering or unpleasant feeling in the chest caused by an irregular heartbeat.

Front 9

Syncope

Back 9

refers to a brief loss of consciousness. The most common cause is decreased perfusion to the brain. Any condition that suddenly reduces cardiac output, resulting in decreased cerebral blood flow, can lead to a syncopal episode. Conditions such as cardiac rhythm disturbances, especially ventricular dysrhythmias, and valvular disorders, such as aortic stenosis, may trigger this symptom.

Front 10

Near-syncope

Back 10

refers to dizziness with an inability to remain in an upright position.

Front 11

intermittent claudication

Back 11

severe cramping sensation in their legs or buttocks associated with an activity such as walking; related to decreased arterial tissue perfusion. Claudication pain is usually relieved by resting or lowering the affected extremity to decrease tissue demands or to enhance arterial blood flow. Leg pain that results from prolonged standing or sitting is related to venous insufficiency from either incompetent valves or venous obstruction. This pain may be relieved by elevating the extremity.

Front 12

anasarca

Back 12

total body (generalized edema)

Front 13

Central cyanosis

Back 13

involves decreased oxygenation of the arterial blood in the lungs and appears as a bluish tinge of the conjunctivae and the mucous membranes of the mouth and tongue.

Front 14

Peripheral cyanosis

Back 14

occurs when blood flow to the peripheral vessels is decreased by peripheral vasoconstriction.

Front 15

Rubor

Back 15

(dusky redness) that replaces pallor in a dependent foot suggests arterial insufficiency.

Front 16

Postural (orthostatic) hypotension

Back 16

occurs when the BP is not adequately maintained while moving from a lying to a sitting or standing position. It is defined as a decrease of more than 20 mm Hg of the systolic pressure or more than 10 mm Hg of the diastolic pressure, as well as a 10% to 20% increase in heart rate. The causes include cardiovascular drugs, blood volume decrease, prolonged bedrest, age-related changes, or disorders of the ANS.

Front 17

paradoxical blood pressure (paradoxical pulse)

Back 17

=An exaggerated decrease in systolic pressure by more than 10 mm Hg during the inspiratory phase of the respiratory cycle (normal is 3 to 10 mm Hg); clinical conditions that may produce a paradoxical blood pressure include pericardial tamponade, constrictive pericarditis, and pulmonary hypertension.

Front 18

pulse pressure

Back 18

-The difference between the systolic and diastolic values. This value can be used as an indirect measure of cardiac output.

Front 19

Narrowed pulse pressure

Back 19

is rarely normal and results from increased peripheral vascular resistance or decreased stroke volume in patients with heart failure, hypovolemia, or shock. It can also be seen in those with mitral stenosis or regurgitation.

Front 20

increased pulse pressure

Back 20

may occur in patients with slow heart rates, aortic regurgitation, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and aging.

Front 21

hypokinetic pulse

Back 21

is a weak pulse indicative of a narrow pulse pressure. It is seen in patients with hypovolemia, aortic stenosis, and decreased cardiac output.

Front 22

hyperkinetic pulse

Back 22

is a large, “bounding” pulse caused by an increased ejection of blood. It occurs in patients with a high cardiac output (with exercise, sepsis, or thyrotoxicosis) and in those with increased sympathetic system activity (with pain, fever, or anxiety).

Front 23

Bruits

Back 23

are swishing sounds that may occur from turbulent blood flow in narrowed or atherosclerotic arteries.

Front 24

S4

Back 24

is referred to as atrial gallop.

Front 25

S3

Back 25

is called a ventricular gallop,

Front 26

Murmurs

Back 26

reflect turbulent blood flow through normal or abnormal valves

Front 27

A pericardial friction rub

Back 27

originates from the pericardial sac and occurs with the movements of the heart during the cardiac cycle. Rubs are usually transient and are a sign of inflammation, infection, or infiltration. They may be heard in patients with pericarditis resulting from MI, cardiac tamponade, or post-thoracotomy.

Front 28

Troponin

Back 28

is a myocardial muscle protein released into the bloodstream with injury to myocardial muscle.

Front 29

Creatine kinase (CK)

Back 29

is an enzyme specific to cells of the brain, myocardium, and skeletal muscle. The appearance of CK in the blood indicates tissue necrosis or injury, with levels following a predictable rise and fall during a specified period.

Front 30

Myoglobin,

Back 30

a low-molecular-weight heme protein found in cardiac and skeletal muscle, is the earliest marker detected—as early as 2 hours after an MI with rapid decline after 7 hours.