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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anthropolgy
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The study of human beings throughout history
"Anthropos" means man "Logos" means study When, Where, and Why humans appeared on earth and their changes over time ---Uses a variety of disciplines to study humans--- Holistic approach to the study of human beings |
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Fields of Anthropology
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Biologically (physical) Anthroplogy
Cultural Anthropology |
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Biological (physical) Anthropology
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Answers 2 sets of question: 1) question about the emergence of humans and thier later evolution--Human paleontology or paleoanthropology
2)How and why contemporary humans vary biologically--Human variation |
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Fossils
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Buried, hardened remains or impressions of humans, prehumans, and related animals.
Used to recontstruct human evoluton |
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Primates
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Order that consist of prisimian, monkey and apes, along with humans
Anthropologist that specialize in the study of primates are called primatologists |
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Fields of anthropology
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Biological (physical) and Culteral (two major ones) also applied or practicing crosses over these two
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Biological (physical) Anthropology
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1)Questions about the emergence of humans and their later evolution--called human paleontology or paleoanthropology
2)Question about how and why contemporary populations very biologically--called Human Variation |
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Fossils
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Buries, hardened remains of impresson of humans, prehumans, and related animals
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Primates
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Order including prosimians, monkeys, and apes, along with humans
People who specialize in this type of study are called primatologists |
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Homo sapiens
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The species tht all living people belong to, in which they can successfully interbreed
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Culteral Anthropology
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Deals with universals and variation in culture in the past and present
Three Main Branches 1)Archaology-the study of past culutes, primariily through their material remains 2)Anthropological linguistics-the anthropological study of languages 3)Ethnology-the study of recent and existing cultures, usually refered to as cultural anthropology |
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Culture
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According to anthropolgy--customary ways of thinking and behaving of a particular population or society includes language, religious beliefs, fodd preferences, music, work habits, gernder roles, child raising, house construction, and other learned behaviors and ideas
All culture is learned |
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Archaeology
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Try to reconstruct daily life and customs of peoples who lived in the past and to trace culteral changes and ive possible reasons for these changes
-Most deal with prehistory, the time before written records -Historical archaeology studies the remains of people who left written records, used both history and archaeology |
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Anthropological Linguistics
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Linguistics-the study of languages
Some are interested in the emergence of language and the diversity of languages over time-studying the changes of language over time is called historical linguistics Descriptive of structural linguistics is the study of how contemorary languages are different especially in their structure Sociolinguistics is the study of how language is used in the social context |
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Ethnology (Cultural Anthropology)
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How and why people today and from recent history differ in their customary ways of thinking and acting, concerned with patterns of thought and behavior eg. marriage, family organization, political and economic systems, religion, folk art, music and how they differ in from society to society, also the development and change in culture today
1)Ehtnographer-spends a year or so iving with, talking to, and ovserving the people that they are studying, provides an ethnography (detailed description of customary behavior and thought) 2)Ethohistorian-how the ways of life of groups of people change over time 3)Cross-cultural researcher-studies general patterns about cultural traits |
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Applied or practicing nthropology
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Making anthropology useful in the world outside of the field eg. forensics
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Artifact
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Anything made or modified by humans
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Lithics
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The most common artifacts from the past--stone tools
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Ceramics
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Another kind of common artifact-pots and other items made from baked clay
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Ecofacts
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Natural objects that have been used of affected by humans, chicken bone from an animal that was eaten
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Features
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Artifacts that cannot be easily removed from an archaelogical site-eg. hearths for fire, pits, living floors (places where humans lived and worked, the soild is compacted and usually full of garbage-seeds, small stone flakes, beads
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Midden
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A large of deep area of human debris, often remains of garbage dumps or areas used repeatedly over periods of time like caves
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Sites
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Known or suspected locations of human activity in the past that contain some sort of record as to what the activity was
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Stratified sites
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Layered sites where remains were buried fast enough to make a clear destinction of different years of activity
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Taphonomy
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Study of the process of site disturbance and destruction
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Ways of finding sites
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Pedestrain survey-walking around and looking for sites
Remote sensing-same way geologist find mineral deposits or oil, study minute changes in the earth (currents in the ground, electrical fields) |
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Conservation
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Process of treating findings, artifacts, ecofacts, and feature, to stop decay and possibly reverse deterioration
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Typology
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Set of types, often for the purpose of formal analysis
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Context
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How and why artifacts and other material are related
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Relative dating
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Used to determine the age of a specimen or deposit relative to antoher specimen of deposit
Types of relative dating: stratigraphy-study of different rock and soil formation sometimes relies on indicator artifacts or ecofacts which are items of human manufacture or remains from animals a plants that spread widely over short periosof time, or disappeared or changed rapidly--used as indicators of age |
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Absolute dating or chronometric dating
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Used to measure how old a specimen or deposit is in years
Types of absolute dating: Radio carbon or carbon-14 dating, Thurmoluminescence dating, Electron spin resonance dating, Paleomagnetic dating, Potassium-argon dating, and Argon-argon dating, Uranium-series dating, Fission-tracking dating, |
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Stratigraphy
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The study of how diggerent rock or soild formation are laid down in successive layer or strata
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Cultural history
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Creating histories of cultures and their changes over time
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Carl Sagan
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Developed a calender that condenses the 15 billion (+/-) that it took to develop the universe into a single year
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Charles Darwin
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Theory of evolution different specis developed, one from another, over long periods of time
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Genus
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A group of related species, from Linnaeus's hierarchical classification
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Carolus Linnaeus
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Created the classification of animals in the hierarchical classification system going in descending order going from kingdom to class, ordergenus, and species
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Jean Baptiste Lamarck
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Acquired characteristic could be inherited and therefore species could evolve--wrongly went down in history as the guy who thought only this up until recently none of his other scientific thoughts were respected
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Genus
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A group of related species
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Georges Cuvier
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Leading opponent of evolution, supported catastrophism-proposed that a quick series of catastrophies accounted for changes in earth and fossil record
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Charles Darwin
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Rejected the notion that species were created at one time in a fixed way, thought this pointed clearly to evolution of species through natural selection-wrote The Origins of Species by Means of Natural Selection, not exactly wrong but incomplete because of things like lack of knowledge of DNA
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Natural Selection
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The process that increases the frequency of adaptive traits through time
Involves three conditions or principles: 1)Variation-every species is composed of a great variety of individual, some of which are better adapted to their environment than others--without variation one kind of characteristic could not be favored over another 2)Heritability-offspring inherit traits from their parents to some degree and in some way 3)Differential reproductive success-better adaptive individuals usually create more offspring, frequencies of adaptive traits increase with every new generation |
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Adaptive of advantageous traits
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Result in greater reproductive success in a particular environment
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Maladaptive traits
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Natural selection suggests that these generally decline in frequency or even disappear eventually, not always true
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Directional selection
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When a certain trait seems to be positively favored and the average value shifts over time toward the adaptive trait
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Normalizing selection
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The average value does not change, but natural selection removes the extremes
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Balancing selection
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Occurs when a heterozygous (varied) combination of alleles (genes) is positively favored even though a homozygous (genes in the pairs are the same) combination is disfavored
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Genes
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Units of heredity
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Allele
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Each member a gene pair or group
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Homozygous
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If the two genes for a characteristic differ
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Chromosomes
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Ropelike bodies inside the nucleus, usually occur in pairs
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Mitoses
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Cellular reproduction
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Meiosis
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The process by which the reproductive cells are formed
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DNA
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deoxyribonucleic acid-instructions for life
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Messenger RNA
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Ribonucleic acid that carries messages to direct the formation of proteins
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Ribosomes
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Structure in the cell that uses information on the mRNA to make proteins
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Mutation
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The change in DNA sequence
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Genetic drift
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Various random processes that affect gene frequencies in small, relatively isolated populations
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Gene flow
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The process whereby genes pass from one population to another through mating and reproduction
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Speciation
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The development of new species
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Arboreal
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Tree-living existence
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Omnivorous
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Eating all kinds of foods-have molars and premolars, both are unspecialized
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Opposable thumbs
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A feature that allows an even more precise and powerful grip
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Other primate physical features of note
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Not unique to primates
Grasping hands and feet, rotating forearm, relatively larger brain, reduction in sense of smell (olfactory bulbs), expansion of primary visual area, forward-facing eyes |
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Social features of primates
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Primates are social animals
Group life plays an important role |
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Diurnal
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Active during the day
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Primate classification
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Two suborders:
1) Prosimians-literally, premonkeys, include lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers 2) |
