Test 1

Front 1

Define what a cell is technically.

Back 1

small membrane enclosed units filled with componets and can reproduce thereselves.

Front 2

What are the rules of the Cell Theory

Back 2

All living things are made up of cells. All cells come from cells

Front 3

What is Cell Biology

Back 3

Study of cells structure, function, and behavior

Front 4

How big is an typical bacterial and neural cell

Back 4

A typical bacterial cell is about 2-5 micrometers. A typical neural cell is about 700 micrometers accross.

Front 5

Proteins

Name all 5 functions

Back 5

Chemical Catalysts, Structural Support, Molecular Motors, Defense, Storage.

Front 6

How do proteins act in Defense

Back 6

Immunoglobulin proteins produce Antibodies in response to foreign cells. By binding to target molecule inactivating it or marking it for destruction

Front 7

How do proteins act as chemical catalyts

Back 7

Enzymes are a protein that speed up chemical reactions

Front 8

How do proteins give structural support.

Back 8

As in the proteins in the connective tissue like collagen and elastin

Front 9

How do proteins act as molecular motors

Back 9

Motor proteins carry membrane enclosed organelles and cause cytoskeleton filaments to slide.

Front 10

How do proteins function in storage

Back 10

Storage proteins store metal ions and amino acids used by the organism,

Front 11

What are the protein building blocks

Back 11

Amino Acids

Front 12

Describe Genome

Back 12

Provides instructions for all cellular activities and behaviors. It is all of the DNA in a cell. Genetic Content or DNA controls proteins.

Front 13

What was the first microscope and when was it invented

Back 13

Light Microscope visible light is used to illuminate the specimen to view. Invented in the 1600s.

Front 14

Describe the Electron Microscope and when was it invented

Back 14

Beams of electrons was used to illuminate the specimen. Allowing to see more detail. Invented in the 1930s

Front 15

Fundamental tools of Cell Biology

Back 15

Electron and Light Microscope

Front 16

Light Microscopy allows you to visualize?

Back 16

Cell shape some structural componets and activities, and extracellular matrix

Front 17

Name all of the types of Light Microscopes

Back 17

Bright-ield, Phase-Contrast, Interference-Contrast, Fluorescence, Confocal.

Front 18

Describe the Bright-field Microscope.

Back 18

Light shined directly on the specimen, Dyes often required

Front 19

Describe the Phase-Contrast Microscope

Back 19

The bending of light as it passes through the specimen has an advantage. No dye required. Viewing of living cells easily achieved.

Front 20

Describe the Interference-Contrast Microscope?

Back 20

Similar to phase-Contrast Microscope

Front 21

Describe Fluorescence Microscopy

Back 21

Fluorescent dyes or tags are added to cell and illuminated with specific wavelengths of light.

Front 22

Describe Confocal Microscopy

Back 22

More defined resolotion than Fluorescence Microscopy. Lasers illuminate single planes of a specimen at a time to generate a final image.

Front 23

Types of Electron Microscope

Back 23

Transmission and Scanning

Front 24

Describe the Transmission Electron Microscope

Back 24

Good for viewing the inside of the cell. Specimen must be fixed in plastic, sliced, and stained with heavy metals.

Front 25

Describe the Scanning Electron Microscope

Back 25

Great for making 3-D images of the outside of the specimen. Outside of the specimen is coated with heavy metals and the electrons are bounced off specimen and focused by magnets.

Front 26

Bacteria Vs Archaea

Back 26

Similar in physical/outward appearance but chemicallly and genetically quite distinct,

Front 27

In an Animal or plant cell what is the nucleus surrounded by?

Back 27

double membrane known as the nuclear envelope.

Front 28

Mitochondria membrane and DNA

Back 28

Double membrane with inner membrane making folds into the interior of the organelle. Makes and houses its own DNA.

Front 29

Carbon can form chains or rings. Has the ability to form how many covalent bonds.

Back 29

Both and 4.

Front 30

Chemical groups are

Back 30

Added to organic compounds and are responsible for much of the reactions that organic molecules are involved in.

Front 31

What are the 4 building blocks in cells.

Back 31

Monosaccharides for polysaccharides. Fatty acids for lipds. Amino acids for proteins. Nucleotides for Nucleic Acids.

Front 32

How are monomers joined and removed from Polymers.

Back 32

Joined by condensation and removed by hydrolysis reactions.

Front 33

Functions of sugar

Back 33

Energy storage : Glucose in animals and Starch in plants. Structural support in plants as cellulose and chitin in fungi.

Front 34

Fatty acid tails that are straight and bent

Back 34

Straight= saturated Bent= Unsaturated

Front 35

How many amino acids can be linked together

Back 35

20

Front 36

Monomers of Dna and RnA

Back 36

ATP

Front 37

How are monomers added together

Back 37

Enzymes and repetitive reactions

Front 38

Macromolecules and Non covalent bonds

Back 38

Non covalent bonds give macromolecules or specifies its shape. And binds to other molecules

Front 39

Enzymes can harvest energy to build order from

Back 39

disorder

Front 40

Define Entropy

Back 40

Measure of disorder example is heat

Front 41

First law of Thermodynamics

Back 41

Energy is niether created or destroyed

Front 42

Cells accomplish order through what metabolic reactions,

Back 42

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Front 43

How do energy enter living systems

Back 43

Photosynthesis

Front 44

How do cells get the energy from Photosynthesis

Back 44

By oxidiziding the organic molecules from photosynthesis

Front 45

define free energy

Back 45

Energy required to do work or drive chemical reaction

Front 46

Chemical reactions only occur in the direction that results in

Back 46

Release of free energy and increase of entropy

Front 47

Define Activation Energy

Back 47

Energetically favorable/spontaneous reactions that require an input of energy to proceed,

Front 48

Reactants need energy boosts in order to

Back 48

Be converted into products

Front 49

Why do enzymes and protein catalysts lower activation energy barriers

Back 49

To facilitate reactions