Test 1

Front 1

What is a microbe?

Back 1

A living organism that is undetectable with the naked eye.

Front 2

Who invented the microscope?

Back 2

Anton Van Leeuwenhok

Front 3

Who was the first person to see single cell organisms?

Back 3

Anton Van Leeuwenhok

Front 4

Name four major types of microbes?

Back 4

1.) Bacteria.

2.) Protists.

3.) Fungi

4.) Helminths.

Front 5

Define bacteria.

Back 5

A unicellular prokaryotic microbe with no nucleus.

Front 6

Give an example of a bacteria.

Back 6

E- Coli

Front 7

Define protists.

Back 7

A Eukaryotic cell that has a nucleus.

Front 8

Give an example of a protist.

Back 8

Malaria (transmitted by the mosquito).

Front 9

Define fungi

Back 9

A uni or multi cellular Eukaryote that has a nucleus.

Front 10

Give an example of a fungi

Back 10

Yeast Infection

Front 11

What is the medical name for yeast infection?

Back 11

Candida Albicans

Front 12

Define helminths

Back 12

Parasitic worms that are multi cellular eukaryotes.

Front 13

What are symptoms of someone with parasitic worms?

Back 13

Vomiting, Diarrhea, bloating, and severe stomach cramps.

Front 14

How do you get tapeworms?

Back 14

Eating partially cooked meat.

Front 15

How do you get trichonosis?

Back 15

Eating poorly cooked pork.

Front 16

What is dracunculus medinesis?

Back 16

The medical name for the worm (not snake) on the health symbol.

Front 17

What is the common name for dracunculus medinesis?

Back 17

Guinea worm

Front 18

How is dracunculus medinesis spread?

Back 18

1 Drinking muddy water.

2 Water fleas have worms.

3 Worm moves through body.

4 Worm causes burning senstation in foot.

5 People put feet in water.

Front 19

Name three other microbes?

Back 19

1.) Viruses.

2.) Viroids.

3.) Prions.

Front 20

Define a virus.

Back 20

Non-living DNA or RNA in a protein coat that requires a host.

Front 21

Give three examples of a Virus.

Back 21

1.) Influenza

2.) HIV

3.) Chicken Pox

Front 22

What causes chicken pox?

Back 22

Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV)

Front 23

Define a viroid.

Back 23

A plant pathogen composed of a naked piece of RNA.

Front 24

Give two ways viroids spread.

Back 24

Pollination and human touch.

Front 25

Define a prion.

Back 25

An infectious protein caused by mis-folded proteins that cause other proteins to fold.

Front 26

Give an example of a prion.

Back 26

Mad cow Disease.

Front 27

Microbe relevancy key points

Back 27

1.) Microbes are all around us.

2.) We do not live in a sterile enviroment.

Front 28

What can understanding pathogens do for us?

Back 28

1.) Diagnoses diseases.

2.) helps in accessing suitable treatments.

3.) helps in preventing diseases.

Front 29

Define tuberculosis.

Back 29

A respiratory disease caused by Bacteria.

Front 30

What is the medical name for tuberculosis?

Back 30

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

Front 31

What are some symptoms of tuberculosis?

Back 31

Chronic cough, Bloody mucus, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.

Front 32

How is tuberculosis spread?

Back 32

Airborne transmission through coughing.

Front 33

Name the two major ways to diagnosis tuberculosis?

Back 33

A skin test which is a (latent test).

Chest Xrays which is a (active test).

Front 34

What is an immuno-compromised patient?

Back 34

A patient at risk due to a weakened immune system.

Front 35

What is the common name for influenza?

Back 35

"The Flu"

Front 36

What are some symptoms of influenza?

Back 36

High fever, headache, runny nose, sore throat, achy muscles.

Front 37

What is treatment for the flu?

Back 37

Rest and fluids.

Front 38

What medication is given for the flu? what does it do?

Back 38

Tamiflu. it stops the spread of the flu virus from spreading.

Front 39

Key flu points

Back 39

1.) The spanish Flu occurred in 1918 with 50 million deaths.

2.) The swine Flue occurred in 2009 and jumped from animal to people.

Front 40

What defines an endemic outbreak?

Back 40

A breakout expected in a certain region at a certain rate.

Front 41

What defines a sporatic outbreak?

Back 41

An infrequent and irregular outbreak.

Front 42

What defines an epidemic?

Back 42

Large scale disease outbreak.

Front 43

What defines a pandemic?

Back 43

An epidemic that spreads outside an area to the whole world by region.

Front 44

Define vaccination.

Back 44

An injection of a killed or weakened organism that produces an immunity in the body.

Front 45

What did Edward Jenner do?

Back 45

He created the first vaccine by inoculating a boy with cowpox to provide an immunity against smallpox.

Front 46

Define virolation.

Back 46

Taking a scab from one person and scratching it into a new person.

Front 47

What is the "MMR" vaccine

Back 47

A vaccine against three viral microbes, Measles, mumps and rubella.

Front 48

What does measles cause?

Back 48

Pnemonia encephalitis

Front 49

When is the MMR vaccine administered?

Back 49

It is administered at 12 to 15 months and then later at 4 and 6 years old.

Front 50

Define herd immunity.

Back 50

Widespread immunity protects other people because of little opportunity for an outbreak to spread.

Front 51

What is the medical name for anthrax?

Back 51

Bacillus Anthracis

Front 52

What does Anthrax cause and how does it cause it?

Back 52

A bacteria causing respitory disease caused by producing highly resistant endospores.

Front 53

Define bioterrorism.

Back 53

Intentional release of biologocial agents like bacteria, viruses, toxins.

Front 54

Describe small pox.

Back 54

A virus called Variola major or minor that is transmitted through the air.

Front 55

Describe ebola.

Back 55

A virus called Zaire ebolavirus, with a 90% mortality rate.

Front 56

Describe botox.

Back 56

A toxin produced by a bacteria called Clostridium botuninum..

Front 57

Who is Robert Koch?

Back 57

Discovered the "Germ theory of disease", showing that bacteria can cause disease by studying anthrax.

Front 58

Explain the four steps of Koch's Postulates.

Back 58

1.) Find Microorganism in animal.

2.) Isolate the organism and grow a culture.

3.)Place Culture in "clean" animal and cause disease.

4.) reisolate innoculated disease and identify as the same as the original.

Front 59

Define E.H.E.C.

Back 59

ENTERO ( a.k.a interior GI track) HEMORRHAGIC (a.k.a bleeding) ECOLI (a.k.a bacteria).

Front 60

Define strain.

Back 60

A subtype or variety of something ( specifically bacteria).

Front 61

Define diarrhea.

Back 61

Many loose stools.

Front 62

Define dysentery.

Back 62

Diarrhea with blood.

Front 63

Define gastroenteritis.

Back 63

Diarrhea with bloody stool, fever, and shock.

Front 64

Define fomites.

Back 64

Objects that can spread pathogens.

Front 65

Define pathogen.

Back 65

Disease causing microbes.

Front 66

What did Semmelwise do?

Back 66

He implemented hand washing in hospitals in the 1800's.

Front 67

What was the effect of not washing hands?

Back 67

Streptococcal pathogens that caused deaths.

Front 68

Define nosocomial.

Back 68

An infection (acquired in a hospital).

Front 69

Define M.R.S.A.

Back 69

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection is caused by a type of staph bacteria that's become resistant to many of the antibiotics used to treat ordinary staph infections.

Front 70

Define penicllin.

Back 70

Derived penicllium chrysogenum from a fungus, it was discovered by Alexander Fleming.

Front 71

What did Louis Pasteur accomplish?

Back 71

1.) He developed pasteurization which is reducing bacteria through heating.

2.) Developed aseptic technique.

3.) Created the "Swan neck Flask" experiment.

Front 72

What is pasteurization used for today.

Back 72

Longer shelf life and safer, It is used for wine at the time but now is used for milk.

Front 73

What has Louis Pasteur been called?

Back 73

He has been dubbed "The father of Microbiology".

Front 74

How is wine pasteurization described?

Back 74

Alcohol is converted to acetic acid by acetobacter.

Front 75

Define aseptic technique.

Back 75

A technique used to sterilize instruments using heat.

Front 76

What does aseptic mean?

Back 76

It means no bacteria.

Front 77

Describe the swan neck experiment.

Back 77

An experiment that proved Biogenesis and disproved spontaneous generation by using beef broth with a curved neck bottle while watching bacterial growth inside.

Front 78

What did Joseph Lister accomplish?

Back 78

He was the first person to use antiseptic.

Front 79

Describe antiseptic.

Back 79

Antiseptic is applied externally, killing bacteria.

Front 80

Give two examples of antiseptics.

Back 80

1.) Phenol.

2.) Listerine ( kills listeria).

Front 81

Are most microbes essential for human existence?

Back 81

Yes.

Front 82

Define pathogenicity.

Back 82

Having the potential to cause disease.

Front 83

Can you categorize pathogens based on virulence?

Back 83

Yes.

Front 84

List the five steps to cause disease.

Back 84

1.) They have to get into the body.

2.) They have to stay in the body.

3.) They have to defeat host defenses.

4.) They have to cause damage to the host.

5.) They have be Transmissible to a new host.

Front 85

Define virulence factors.

Back 85

Characteristics or traits that help pathogens cause disease.

Front 86

Give three examples of virulence factors.

Back 86

1.) Adhesive molecules.

2.) Protective Capsules.

3.) Hides out inside host cells.

Front 87

Define epidemiology.

Back 87

The study of infectious disease.

Front 88

What does the C.D.C do involving epidemiology?

Back 88

They help to decline those diseases through health programs.

Front 89

What are the two parts of the immune system?

Back 89

1.) Innate immune system.

2.) Adaptive Immune system.

Front 90

Describe innate immune system.

Back 90

The innate immune system is non specific. It is effective against a wide range of microbes.

Front 91

Give one example of an innate immune system.

Back 91

Inflammation.

Front 92

List 4 major ways inflammation works.

Back 92

1.) Rubor, its effect is redness.

2.) Calor, its effect is heat.

3.) Dalor, its effect is pain.

4.) Turgor, its effect is swelling.

Front 93

Describe adaptive immune system.

Back 93

The adaptive immune system is specific, is only effective against certain microbes and involves antibodies.

Front 94

How does the adaptive immune system work?

Back 94

The adaptive immune system responds to vaccines like the flu. When strains of the flu are given your body then builds up antibodies to fight against the virus.

Front 95

Define norma flora / normal microbiota.

Back 95

Norma flora is naturally occurring microbes found in the body.

Front 96

Give an example of norma flora.

Back 96

Lacto bacillus ( vaginal bacteria)

Front 97

What does lacto bacillus do?

Back 97

Lacto bacillus produces lactic acid that keeps pathogens from becoming a problem.

Front 98

Define competitive exclusion (microbial antagonism).

Back 98

A mechanisim that protects the body by using good microbes to compete with other pathogens.

Front 99

List two vaginal pathogens and treatments.

Back 99

1.) Candida Albicans [Monistat (miconazole)].

2.) Gardnerella Vaginalis [Flagyl (metronidazole)].

Front 100

Define clostridium difficile.

Back 100

A spore forming bacteria that is part the norma flora in the gut. It is very aggressive and very difficult to treat with antibodies.

Front 101

Describe a fecal transplant.

Back 101

Healthy bacteria from a healthy person inserted into a sick patient to get rid of C. Diff by using the competitive exclusion mechanism.

Front 102

How effective is fecal transplant?

Back 102

100% success rate.

Front 103

Define probiotic.

Back 103

Live bacteria that are good for your health especially your digestive system.

Front 104

List four foods or drinks with good bacteria.

Back 104

1.) Cheese.

2.) Wine.

3.) Beer.

4.) wine.

Front 105

Define biological control.

Back 105

Bacteria used to kill caterpillars for example to save crops.

Front 106

What is the name of bacteria to kill catapillars?

Back 106

Bacillus thuringiensis.

Front 107

Define bio-remediation.

Back 107

Using bacteria to clean up the environment.

Front 108

Give a common name for a type of bio-remediation.

Back 108

Oleophiles ( oil eating bacteria).

Front 109

What does waste water treatment do?

Back 109

Uses bacteria to clean up water sources in the environment and municipal water locations.

Front 110

What do you need to see a virus?

Back 110

An electron microscope.

Front 111

What do you need to see bacteria?

Back 111

A light microscope.

Front 112

List the sizes of different microbes.

Back 112

1.) .03 to .3 microns are viruses.

2.) .1 to 10 microns are bacteria.

3.) 4 to 40 microns are fungi.

Front 113

What is morphology?

Back 113

Cell shape.

Front 114

Define differential strain.

Back 114

A strain that contains two or more dyes which allows you to discern between two types of bacteria.

Front 115

Define Gram stain.

Back 115

The most commonly used stain in microbiology. The gram positive is seen as purple and negative is seen as red / pink.

Front 116

List the four steps how a gram stain works.

Back 116

1.) Crystal violet (primary stain).

2.) Iodine (mordant - helps dye stick to cells).

3.) Alcohol (decolorizer)

4.) Safranin (secondary stain).

Front 117

How does the alcohol step work in a gram stain?

Back 117

The alcohol dissolves the negative lipopolysaccharide cell wall because it is made of a lipid taking away the color. The positive cell wall is made of a non lipid peptidoglycan cell wall and remains purple.

Front 118

Define capsules.

Back 118

A protective outer shell that protects against host defenses (only some bacteria have this).

Front 119

Give an example of a capsule microbe.

Back 119

Streptococcus pneumoniae which is a respitory tract infection containing capsules made of glycocalyx.

Front 120

Define a negitive stain.

Back 120

When dealing ONLY with capsules, it stains the background leaving the bacteria and capsule clear.

Front 121

What do flagella stains do?

Back 121

Make the flagella visable.

Front 122

Define Flagella.

Back 122

Hair like structures that provide movement, Not all bacteria have flagella.

Front 123

What can flagella be used for?

Back 123

Flagella can be used to identify species and strains of bacteria like ecoli.

Front 124

Define motility.

Back 124

Not all bacteria can move.

Front 125

Where do you get E.H.E.C from?

Back 125

Food poisoning.

Front 126

Give two strains of ECOLI.

Back 126

1.) O157: H7

2.) O104: H4

Front 127

Which meat is ECOLI associated with?

Back 127

Hamburger meat.

Front 128

Can E.H.E.C. be associated with raw produce.

Back 128

Yes.

Front 129

What does the "O" in o157:H7 stand for?

Back 129

O stands for variations in the LPS layer of cell walls.

Front 130

What does L.P.S act like?

Back 130

A toxin

Front 131

What does verotoxin do?

Back 131

It breaks down blood vessels causing internal bleeding.

Front 132

What does the "H" stand for in the strains of E.H.E.C.

Back 132

The make-up of flagella proteins, not the number of them.

Front 133

Name a complication from E.H.E.C.

Back 133

Hemolyltic uremic syndrome (HUS).

Front 134

Define hemolytic.

Back 134

Destroys blood cells.

Front 135

Define uremic.

Back 135

Renal kidney failure.

Front 136

What is treatment for uremic.

Back 136

Kidney dialysis.

Front 137

What should you do and not do with someone with HUS?

Back 137

You should give them fluids and tell them to stay away from anti-diuretic medications like loperamide "immodium".

Front 138

What are acid fast stains used for?

Back 138

They are used for discerning speicies of mycobacterium ONLY.

Front 139

what color does mycobacterium turn in acid fast stains?

Back 139

Red/pink.

Front 140

Name 2 types of bacteria discerned by acid fast stains in health care.

Back 140

1.) Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

2.) Mycobacerium Laprae.

Front 141

What does Mycobacterium Leprae cause?

Back 141

It causes leprosy (A.K.A Hansen's disease).

Front 142

How is leprosy spread?

Back 142

Aerosol droplets or touch.

Front 143

What are symptoms of leprosy?

Back 143

Lesions, sores, dead tissue on face, fingers, and toes.

Front 144

What is the treatment for leprosy?

Back 144

Antibiotics.

Front 145

What does endo-spore stains do?

Back 145

Makes spores invisible.

Front 146

Define an endospore?

Back 146

Highly resistant, dormant seed-like structures produced by species of bacillius and clostridium.

Front 147

List the four things endo-spores are resistant to.

Back 147

1.) Heat which is boiling water.

2.) Chemicals which is anti-septics

3.)Radiation which is U.V. light.

4.) Desication which is drying out.

Front 148

Define sporulation

Back 148

formation of endospores.

Front 149

Define Germination.

Back 149

Endo-spores that hatch.

Front 150

Name 4 bacteria that form spores.

Back 150

1.) Anthrax

2.) Clostridium difficle.

3.) Clostridium tetani (muscle contractions).

4.) Clostridium botulinum ( muscle paralysis.)

Front 151

Give an example of clostridium botulinum.

Back 151

Floppy baby syndrome is caused by contaminated honey which causes hypotonia.

Front 152

Define Hypotonia.

Back 152

Causes loss of muscle control.