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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anatomy
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study of structure
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Gross Anatomy
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macroscopic examination of large strucutre; Can be seen with the naked eye
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Microscopic Anatomy
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examination of structures using magnification
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Physiology
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study of function
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Cellular Physiology
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Study of cell function
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Systemic Physiology
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Study of of how systems work
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Pathological
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Study of disease/dysfunction
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The anatomy determines the...
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function
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Characteristics of life
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Organization
Responsiveness Growth Meatbolism |
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Characteristics of Life:
Organization |
billions of cells, highly organized
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Characteristics of Life:
Responsiveness |
detect and respond to chenges in the internal or external envrionment
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Characteristics of Life:
Growth |
increase in the number or size of cells
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Characteristics of Life:
Metabolism |
the sum of all chemical processes in your body
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Catabolism
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break down of large complex organic molecules into simple molecules; BREAKING DOWN
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Anabolism
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synthesis of complex organic compound from simpler precursors
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Levels of organization
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molecule-cells-tissues-organs-organ systems - organism
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Molecular Level
(Chemical Level) |
atoms and molecule
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Cellular Level
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smallest living unity of the body
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Tissue Level
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group of cells, perform the same functions
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Four basic types of tissues:
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epithelium, connective, muscle, nerve
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organ level
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group of tissue types that perfrom the same function
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Organ Systems
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collection of related organs with a common function
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Organism Level
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individual living being
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Homeostatic Regulation
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maintaining a stable internal environment within physiological limits; vital - if upset could result in illness or death
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Intrinsic Regualtion
(Autoregulation) |
occurs when cells, tissues, or organs, adjust activities automatically in response to environmental stimuli
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Extrinsic Regulation
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activities of the nervous system and endocrine system adjust
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3 Part of a control mechanism
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receptor, control center, efector
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receptor
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sensor; detect stimuli
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control center
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intergration center, receives, processes information, sends out commands
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effector
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responds to the command of the control center, responds to stimuli
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Negative Feedback
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-most feedback systmes are negative
-stimulus initiaties actions that are reverse or reduce stimuli -used for conditions that need frequent adjustment -quick |
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Postive Feedback
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response enhances original stimuli
- seldom encountered in daily life -more long term |
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Element
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-basic substance not broken fown by ordinary means
- all atoms with the same atomic number |
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molecule
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-a chemical structure containing two or more atoms that are held together by a chemical bond
-atoms held togeth by bonds |
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Ion
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-charged atom
-an aton or molecule bearing a positive or negative charge due to the donation or acceptance of an electron |
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Cation
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when an ion gains an electron and becomes negative
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ionic bond
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bond between ions
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Compounds
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2 or more atoms that are chemicaly combined
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Electron on the outermost shell ...
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determine its radioactivity
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reactive atoms for _______ ___ with each other
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chemical bonds
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isotopes
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atoms of the same element but differ in the number of neutrons, some can be radioactive (can be traced)
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atoms
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smalles unit of funtional matter that retains the property of the element
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electrolyte
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soluble inorganic molecule whose ions are present in body fluid.
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acid
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a compound whose dissociation in solution releases a hydrogen ion and an anion
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Significant elements in A&P
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O, C, H, N, Ca, P
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2/3 of body wieght is _____
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water
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Properties of water
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Solubility, reactivity, high heat capacity, lubrication (reduces friction)
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Properties of water
SOLUBILITY |
many molecule dissolve in water to form a solution
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Solvent
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medium in which atoms, molecule, and ions are dispersed
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solute
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the dispersed substance
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Properties of water
Reactivity |
all chemical reaction in the body take place in a watery environment
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Properties of water
HIgh Heat Capacity |
-ability to absorb and contain heat
-takes high heat to change liquid to a vapor -great range of temperature from freezing to boiling -carries away a lot of heat when going from a liquid to a gas |
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pH scale
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measures degrees of acidity and alkalinity
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pH below 7
H > OH |
Acid
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pH equals 7
H = OH |
neutral
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pH is above 7
H < OH |
base
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Acids
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-a compound whose dissociation in solution releases a hydrogen ion and an anion
-an acidic solution has a pH below 7.0 and contains a excess of hydrogen ions. -release H+ when dissolved in H2O -if H+ exceed OH- |
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Base
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-releases OH- when dissolved in H2O
-if OH- exceed H+ |
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Blood's pH is ___
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7.4
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Buffer
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keeps pH within normal limits
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Inorganic molecules
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-do not contain both C and H
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Organic Molecule
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-Contain both C & H
-Covalently bonded with other elements |
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Four Classes of organic Molecules
Functional Groups |
small pre-assembled clusters that are added to a carbon framework to form the monomer
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monomers
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subunits tha tmake up an organic molecule
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polymer
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monomer subunits that are bonded together to form large polymers
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Dehydration synthesis
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used to link monomer to monomer to form a polymer; loss of water
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hydolysis
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used to break apart the polymer into monomers; addition of water
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Carbohydrate
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-an organic molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
-vary in shape (rings or chains) |
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Carbohydrate: functions
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-short term energy source
-cell identification |
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monosaccharides and disaccharides
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-monomers
-"simple sugar" -mono-glucose, fructose, galactose di- sucrose, maltose, lactose |
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polysacharides
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-polymer
-"complex sugar" -starch, cellulose, glycogen, and proteoglycans |
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polysacharides
starch |
only source is from plants
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polysacharides
cellulose |
insoluble fiber (can't digest)
found in cell walls |
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polysacharides
glycogen |
animal starch - chain of glucose molecules
stored in our muscle and liver excess is turned into fat increase storage by excerising |
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polysacharides
proteoglycans |
part of the cell membrane
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Special Properties of Carboydrates
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hydrophillic (water soluble)
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Lipids
basic chemical structures |
-monomer - fatty acids, glycerol
-polymer - oils, fats, waxes -C, H, with less O |
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Lipids
functions |
-long term energy source
-protect organs -cell membrane structure -signaling communicatios 9can from hormones |
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Fatty Acids
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-monomer used to build larger lipids
-long carbon-hydrogen chains -contain carboxyl and methyl groups -saturated vs. unsaturated…bonding patterns |
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Saturated Fatty Acids
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-converted by the liver into cholesterol (clogs arteries)
-single bonded -mostly from anilmal(exception – coconut oil and palm oil |
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Unsaturated Fatty Acids
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-double bonded
-ex – olive oil, canola oil |
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monounsaturated acids
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decrease the bad cholesterol without decreasing the good cholesterol
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poly unsaturated acids
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decreases both the good and bad cholesterol
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eicosanoids
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-prostaglandins are the main type
-prostaglandins are releases by damaged cell membenes that activate pain receptors |
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glycerides
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-combination of glycerol plus a fatty acid chain
-mono glycerides = glycerol + 1 fatty acid chain (circulates in blood) -triglycerides = glycerol + 3 fatty acid chain (stored in fat calls) -functions – energy source, insulation, cushioning -fat is a great insulator -be able to identify glycerol (sugar alcohol |
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steroids
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-large molecules with4 ring carbon frame
-cholesterol is synthesized and modified within the body -steroid hormones (estrogen, testosterone, cortisol) -Functions- Cholesterol will turn into steroid hormones, sex hormones, vitamin d (needs sunshine), bile) - 4 rings = cholesterol, estrogen, or testosterone |
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Phospholipids
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-phosphate group attaches to 2 fatty acid to a non lipid group
-hydrophilic “head” end -hydrophobic “tail” end -phospholipids form the bilyer of all cell membranes |
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Special Properties
Lipids |
-hydrophobic (most)
-energy rich – 9cal/gram -12-24% of body weight |
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Locations of Lipids
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Subcutaneous layer – triglycorides
Endocrine glands – steroids Cell membrane – phospholipids prostaglandins |
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Proteins
amino acid structure |
-monomer - amino acid 9there are 20 in the body)
-peptide bond - links amino acids together |
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SPecial properties of Protiens
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-denaturation
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denaturations
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-disrupts the shape of the protein, changes its characteristics
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Agents that will denature a protein
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heat, alcohol, acids, and heavy metals
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harmful affect of denaturation
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fever, poison
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useful affects of denaturation
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cooking an egg, stomach acid
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Proteins
7 functional categories |
support-structural
movement-contractile transport-hemoglobins buffering-regulate pH metabolic regulation - enzymes coordination-hormones defense- antibodies |
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Levels of orgnanization
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1 linear - single polypeptide
2 helix(hormone) or Pleated sheets (silk) 3 coiling, folding(insulin - disulfide bonds 4 globular - hemoglobin |
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Enzyme
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protein which catalyze reactions that sustain life (speed up reactions)
enzymes are specifc |
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Substrate
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molecule upon which an enzyme acts : reactant
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coenzyme
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organic – vitamin makes enzymes shape
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cofactor
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inorganic molecule – binds to the enzyme to change the shape of the avtice site
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coenzyme and cofactor are the same,but.....
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one is organic and the other is inorganic
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Nucleic Acids
basic chemical structure |
-monomer-nucloetide
-polymer - DNA, RNA, ATP |
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DNA
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Double Stranded
Deoyribose |
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RNA
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single stranded
ribose |
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ADP
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adenosine triphosphate
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ATP
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Adenosine diphosphate - main energy in the body
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Cell Membrane
General Functions |
Physical isolation
regulation sensitivity structural support |
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phospholipid bilayer
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-makes up the plasma membrane – living boundary of all cells, semi permeable (regulate what enter and exits the cell)
-anything that is soluble in fat or lipids and gases pass through easily |
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Integral Proteins
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-has a channels
-lets other things go through the membrane (water) |
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Cholesterol
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adds to the fluidity of the membrane
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Passive transport
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down the concentraion gradient from a higher concentration to a lower concentration
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diffusion
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-simple diffusion – through the phospholipids bilayer
-facilitated diffusion – different because molecules are aided by transport proteins -factors that influence diffusion rate: - distance, molecular size, temperature, radient size, electrical forces |
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Osmosis
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-diffusion of H2O only
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Hypotonic
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increased concentration of H2O and decreased concentration of solute on the outside of the cell - H2O enters the cell – may cause cell to burst (lysis)
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Hypertonic
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decreased H2O and increased solute on the outside of the cell - H2O exits the cell – causes shrinking (crenation)
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Isotonic
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equal concentration of solutes and solvents on both sides of the membrane
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Active transport
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cell uses energy (ATP) to move against the concentration gradient through transport protein
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Pinocytosis
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no receptors
cell drinks extracellular fluid by forming pockets |
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phagocytosis
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active engulfing og solid object
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