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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Social Psychology |
The scientific study of how individuals think about, influence, and relate to one another |
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What were the results of study on perceptions of Reagan? |
1) With audience audio: good reaction 2) Without audience audio: bad reaction |
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What was found in the violin in the Metro experiment? |
Many people would not stop, and would fail to recognize the famous violinist. The metro is a busy area, which plays into peoples behavior |
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What was significant about heroin abuse in the Vietnam war? |
1) 20% identified as heroin addicts 2) Only 5% relapsed after returning to the U.S.
Repeated behavior in setting -> Setting becomes a cue |
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How does social psychology overlap/differ from... A) Clinical Psychology B) Cognitive Psychology C) Personality Psychology D) Sociology |
A) Little overlap; focuses on disorders B) Some overlap; focus is on thinking/learning/memory which affects social behavior C) Some overlap; Both focus on emotions; But social psychology emphasizes context over traits D) Overlap in research topics; But different level of analysis and research methods |
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Define theory |
Sets of principles used to explain a phenomenon |
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Define hypotheses |
Predictions |
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What can majorly influence social psychology research? |
Values |
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How do different countries handle PTSD? |
US: Focus on the recovery of the affected person Others: Focus on the effects of the group |
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What is a correlational study? |
One which examines whether 2 variables are naturally associated with each other |
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What can't a correlation study do? |
Make cause and effect conclusions! |
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What is an experimental study? |
One which manipulates 1 variable to see effect on 2nd variable |
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What are the 2 distinguishing factors of experimental studies? |
1) researcher controls and manipulates 2) random assignment to groups is used |
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What is the goal of sampling? |
Sample should be similar to larger group |
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What is random sampling? |
Everyone in the population has equal chance of being selected into the sample |
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What is random assignment to groups? |
Each person has equal chance of being in any condition/group |
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What is the purpose of random assignment to group? |
Allows for elimination of other explanations for group differences besides maniuplation |
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What is the independent variable of Schneider's work? |
The sexist comment |
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What is the dependent variable of Schneider's work? |
Heart Rate / BP |
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What are the concerns about external validity? |
Will the results of the study generalize to the larger population? |
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What is mundane realism? |
How much does the research setting resemble the real-world setting? |
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What is experimental realism? |
How realistic and engaging are the experiment's procedures |
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What is self-concept? |
Beliefs we have about ourselves |
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What is self schema? |
Mental templates by which we organize our world and relate it to ourselves |
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When do humans/apes recognize themselves in a mirror? |
18-24 months |
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What is self-perception theory? |
It asserts that people develop their attitudes by observing their own behavior and concluding what attitudes must have caused it |
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When are social comparisons used? |
It depends on the context of the situation |
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Who do we choose to compare ourselves to? |
Those who we can make downward comparisons about to feel better |
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What is individualism? |
Defines self based on traits (I am assertive) |
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What is collectivism? |
Define self in relation to others (sister, etc...) |
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Where is individualism prevalent? |
US Australia Great Britain |
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What were the findings of Markus' research on effects on groups? |
1) I more likely to use downward social comparison than C (boosts self esteem for I) 2) C more likely to downplay their own contributions |
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Are we any good at predicting our feelings/behavior? |
NO! |
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What is affective forecasting? |
The prediction of one's affect (emotional state) in the future |
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What is impact bias? |
Our tendency to overestimate our emotional reaction to future events |
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What is natural and synthetic happiness? |
Natural happiness is what we get when we get what we wanted, and synthetic happiness is what we make when we don’t get what we wanted |
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What is the psychological immune system? |
The system which counterbalances negative feelings |
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What is self esteem? |
The overall positive and negative self evaluations |
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What are the purposes of self esteem? |
1) related to a sense of worth? 2) Biological need to reduce anxiety |
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What are the two dimensions of high self esteem? |
1) Valuing individual achievements 2) Valuing relationships with others |
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How do narcissists differ from those with high self esteem? |
They do not of the second dimension of self esteem |
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What is self-efficacy? |
How competent we think we are at a task |
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What are the links of self-efficacy with... 1) Persistance 2) Anxiety |
1) Higher Persistance 2) Less Anxiety |
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What is unique about self-efficacy? |
It can be manipulated! |
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What did Baumesiter's research conclude? |
Self-control is a limited resource that can be depleted and requires strength |
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What is the self serving bias? |
The tendency to perceive oneself favorably |
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What are _ attributed to in self serving bias? A) Success B) Failure |
A) Skill and ability B) External factors |
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What is the false consensus effect? |
Overestimating how others agree with us |
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What is self-presentation? |
How we shape what others think of us |
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What is impression management? |
Behaving in ways that create favorable impressions |
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What is social perception? |
Responding based on our perceptions |
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What is belief perseverance? |
Beliefs persist in spite of disconfirming evidence |
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What is confirmation bias? |
We look to confirm, then avoid chances to disconfirm our beliefs |
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What is the remedy for belief perseverance? |
Forcing yourself to explain the opposite belief |
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What cues are used in detecting deceptoin? |
Microexpressions: 1/25th of a second (vs 0.5-3 seconds for regular expressions)
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What is an attentional blink? |
In series of fast pictures, we often miss 2nd target if present quickly after 1st (faces are excluded from blink) |
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How good are we at detecting lies? |
Only about 50/50 |
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What must you keep in mind with application of microexpressions? |
Need to be cautious with interpretations, could be simply concealing feelings |
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What are heuristics? |
Mental shortcuts used to make quick judgement |
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What is a representative heruistic? |
Assuming someone belongs to a certain group if they resemble a typical member |
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What is an availability heuristic? |
Estimating the odd of an event by how quickly it comes to mind |
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What is counterfactual thinking? |
Imagine an outcome that didn't occur |
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What are the three questions on internal/external behaviors? |
1) Consensus: do other people behave this way? 2) Distinctiveness: does this person behave this way in other contexts? 3) Consistency: does this person always behave this way in this context? |
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What is the fundamental attribution error? |
When judging others behavior, we overestimate personal factors and underestimate situational factors |
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What is the two step model of FAE? |
1) make quick attributions based on observable actions 2) later, adjust initial attribution based on situational factors |
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What is self-fulfilling prophecy? |
Expectations can lead to fulfillment and behavior (i.e. "bloomers") |
