Test 1

Front 1

Hydroxyl

Back 1

-OH

Front 2

Carbonyl

Back 2

-C=O

Front 3

Carboxyl

Back 3

-COOH

Front 4

Amino

Back 4

-NH3+

Front 5

Phosphate

Back 5

-PO4-

Front 6

Sulfhydryl

Back 6

-SH

Front 7

Lipids

Back 7

Anything we can wash out with a nonpolar solvant

Front 8

Fats

Back 8

Triglyceride from animals and are solid at room temperature

Front 9

Oils

Back 9

Triglyceride from plants and liquid at room temperature

Front 10

Triglycerides

Back 10

Contains no polar (hydrophilic) groups. Store energy. Have 3 fatty acids and a glycerol molecule.

Front 11

Saturated fatty acid

Back 11

Fatty acid no double bonds between carbon atoms

Front 12

Unsaturated fatty acid

Back 12

Fatty acid that contains carbon atoms joined by double bonds

Front 13

Phospholipids

Back 13

Componants of cellular membranes. When put in water it creates a phospholipid bilayer.

Front 14

Waxes

Back 14

a lipid that is long chains of fatty acids plus various other functional groups. Generally solid and water repellent.

Front 15

Cuticle

Back 15

Keeps water in plants on the outside of the plant.

Front 16

Suberin

Back 16

Waxy substance used in some plant cell walls; inside of plants

Front 17

Steroids

Back 17

Used to stabilze membranes and not to have it collapse. Also causes animal hormones.

Front 18

Trans Fatty Acid

Back 18

unnatural; body is confused; hydrogen on opposite sides

Front 19

Cis Fatty Acid

Back 19

natural fats; hydrogen fats on the same sides

Front 20

Proteins

Back 20

Or polypeptides have lots of possible functions

Front 21

Amino Acids

Back 21

the monomer of proteins and its order is determined by the DNA

Front 22

Peptide Bonds

Back 22

A bond between carbon and nitrogen and is just like glycosidic links

Front 23

Primary Structure

Back 23

just a line of amino acids; order of amino acids determined by DNA

Front 24

Secondary Structure

Back 24

caused by hydrogen bonding between the amino acids; can be either beta pleated sheet or alpha helix; both are 3D

Front 25

Tertiary Structure

Back 25

caused by secondary structure folding on itself. The interaction from R groups lead to it and there's salt bridges between the R groups.

Front 26

Salt Bridge

Back 26

weak bond between R groups

Front 27

Denaturation

Back 27

when the weak salt bonds get disrupted by acid, whipping, or cooking

Front 28

Quaternary Structure

Back 28

When tertiary structured proteins fit together like a jigsaw puzzle.

Front 29

Secondary Metabolites

Back 29

Molecules found only in some plants

Front 30

Alkaloids

Back 30

Nitrogenous rings; bitter tasting; profound effects of animals

Morphine, Cocaine, Caffine, Nicotine

Can be addictive, or prevent the growth of competitors through allelopathy

Front 31

Terpenoids

Back 31

Derives from isoprene

Essential oils are for the fragrence of plants, attracts insects and warn off herbivores.

Front 32

Phenolics

Back 32

Biggest group and includes flavenoids, lignin, and salicylic acid.

Front 33

Flavenoids

Back 33

Has flavor so it'll be eaten and spread

Front 34

Lignin

Back 34

Adds compressive strength to cell walls

Front 35

Salicylic Acid

Back 35

Anti inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti herbivory

Front 36

Nucleotides

Back 36

monomer of nucleic acid with a phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base

Front 37

DNA

Back 37

Information storage; primary structure of proteins; has a 3d double helix that is antiparallel and complementary

Front 38

DNA Nitorgen Containing Bases

Back 38

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

Front 39

RNA

Back 39

involved in the syntheses of proteins based on genetic info provided by DNA; 2d structure that looks like a latter

Front 40

RNA nitrogen containing bases

Back 40

Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine

Front 41

ATP -> ADP

Back 41

bonding process that creates energy

Front 42

Monosaccharide

Back 42

monomer of carbohydrates; general formula is (CH20)3 to 7

Glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose

Front 43

Dehydration Synthesis

Back 43

Bonds by taking a water molecule out

Front 44

Hydrolysis

Back 44

Breaks bond by adding a water molecule

Front 45

Disaccharide

Back 45

2 sugars

Sucrose: fructose and glucose

Lactose: galactose and glucose

Maltose: glucose and glucose

You can't absorb a disaccharide until it's broken down into a monosaccharide

Front 46

Oligosaccharide

Back 46

3-10 sugars

Inulin: A plant that has soluable fiber. Causes gas because we can't break down fibers

Glycoproteins: In our immuse system and helps us identify bad things

Front 47

Polysaccharide

Back 47

More than 10 sugars

Starch: Used for energy storage through amylose (linear) or amylopectin (branched)

Glycogen: energy storage in animals and fungi

Cellulose: Plant structure molecule that holds up plants and is used in clothes

Chitin: Structure molecule in animals and fungi

Front 48

Robert Hooke

Back 48

Coined the term Cell

Front 49

Anton Leeuwnhoek

Back 49

Looked at bacteria and protozoans

Front 50

Matthias Schleiden

Back 50

Botanist that reported his obervations that all plant tissue consists of organized masses of cells

Front 51

Theodor Schwann

Back 51

Extended Schleiden's observation to animal tissues and proposed a cellular basis for all life

Front 52

Rudolf Virchow

Back 52

Generalized that cells can arise only from preexisting cells

Front 53

(P) Cell Wall

Back 53

Purpose is for shape and protection

Made of sugar and proteins

Front 54

(P) Plasma Membrane

Back 54

Purpose is to control movement into and out of cells and made out of phospholipid bilayer. Inside the cell wall.

Front 55

(P) Necleoid

Back 55

Purpose is to have the DNA.

Has DNA in a circular or ring like shape

Front 56

Ribosomes (70S)

Back 56

They assemble proteins into their primary structure

70S refers to their density and are always in bacterial cells.

Front 57

Glycocalyx

Back 57

External structure that helps attach to objects such as rocks or teeth. Made out of polysaccharides.

Front 58

Flagella

Back 58

Purpose is to help movement. Looks like a tail and is made out of protein.

Front 59

Frimbrae

Back 59

Purpose is to attach to soft tissues and is made out of proteins

Front 60

(E) Plasma Membrane

Back 60

Controls movement into and out of cells; made out of phospholipid bilayer

Front 61

(E) Cytoplasm

Back 61

Area inside of cell but not in the nucleus

Front 62

(E) Cytosol

Back 62

The liquid in the cytoplasm. The site of many chemical reactions.

Front 63

(E) Organelles

Back 63

Small organs that are membrane bound structures

Front 64

Nucleus

Back 64

Contains the DNA of the cell

Front 65

Nuclear membrane

Back 65

membrane that surrounds the nucleus

Purpose is that it limits access to the nucleus

Made out of a phospholipid bilayer

Front 66

Nuclear Pores

Back 66

Holes in the nuclear membrane that lets large objects or molecules out of the nucleus

Front 67

Nucleoplasm

Back 67

Area inside of the nucleus

Front 68

Chromatin

Back 68

Fibrous material inside of the nucleus

Made of DNA and histones

Nuclear DNA is long and threadlike (NOT circular)

Front 69

Histones

Back 69

Organizing proteins that can be found in the chromatin

Front 70

Nucleolus

Back 70

Where ribosomes are assembled

Ribosomes exit the nucleus through the nuclear pores

Front 71

Plastids

Back 71

Group of organelles only in plants. Because they all have their own DNA, a plastid can change into a different plastid.

Front 72

Chroloplasts

Back 72

Preform photosynthesis and causes the green color.

Plasma Membranes:

Inner - folded

Outer - smooth

Have bacterial ribosomes and DNA

Front 73

ct DNA

Back 73

Choloroplast DNA

Front 74

Endosymbiotic Theory

Back 74

One cell at another cell a long time ago and now they work together to function

Front 75

Which organelles have their own DNA and Ribosomes?

Back 75

Plastids and mitochondira

Front 76

What type of DNA and Ribosomes do they have?

Back 76

Prokaryotic or circular

Front 77

Evidence of Endosybiotic Theory

Back 77

There are bacterial cells in Eukaryiotic cells

Front 78

Chromoplasts

Back 78

Plastid that gives plants their color such as red, yellow, and orange. Contain ribosomes (70S) and contain their own circular DNA

Front 79

Amyloplasts

Back 79

Plastids that stores starch through amylose and amylopectin.

Have their own bacterial ribosomes and own DNA

Front 80

Mitochondria

Back 80

Where ATP synthesis happens

All cells have these organelles

Two plasma membranes:

outer - smooth

inner - folded

Has 70S ribosomes and circular DNA

Front 81

mtDNA

Back 81

Mitochondria DNA

Front 82

Glyoxysomes

Back 82

converts fats into sucrose

Front 83

Perioxisomes

Back 83

Spherical membrane bound organelles

Front 84

Vacuole

Back 84

stores water, sugars and proteins

Front 85

Oil Bodies

Back 85

Droplets of oil in the cytoplasm for energy storage

Not membrane bound (not really an organelle)

Front 86

Ribosomes (80S)

Back 86

Protein synthesis

Eukaryotic ribosomes that are not membrane bound

Front 87

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 87

a membrane system that is continuous with nuclear membrane

associated with chemical production and shipping through the cytoplasm

Front 88

Rough ER

Back 88

Covered in ribosomes (80S)

Synthesized proteins are taken into Rough ER and modified

Front 89

Smooth ER

Back 89

Associated with lipid synthesis

Front 90

Golgi bodies

Back 90

synthesis of chemicals and shipping to outside the cells via transport vesicles (secretory vesicles)

Front 91

Cytoskeleton

Back 91

internal support and shape; not membrane bound

Associated with cell division and movement

Microtubules: small tube

Actin Filament: solid thread

Front 92

Flagella and Cilia

Back 92

Flagella is longer than Cilia

They help move and are in sperm cells of some plants

Front 93

Cellulose

Back 93

Major component of the cell wall

Made by cellulose rosette proteins in the plasma membrane

Front 94

Cellulose Rosette

Back 94

Moves through the membrane following the cytoskeleton

Front 95

Micelle

Back 95

chain like cellulose molecules

Front 96

Microfibril

Back 96

a group of micelles

Front 97

Hemicellulose

Back 97

Holds microfibrils together like glue

Front 98

Pectin

Back 98

Cements 2 cells together

Front 99

Lignins

Back 99

Compressive strength in the cell wall

Front 100

Waxes

Back 100

mostly suberin that's in the cell wall and reduces water loss

Made in the Golgi complex and is deposited by vesicles

Front 101

Primary Cell Wall

Back 101

1st wall deposited by the cell

Front 102

Middle Lamella

Back 102

In the primary cell wall

2 adjoining cells that are high in pectin

Front 103

Primary Pit Feilds

Back 103

a cluster of plasmodesmata going through the primary cell wall

Front 104

Plasmodesmata

Back 104

holes through primary cell wall

Front 105

Desmotubule

Back 105

small segment of ER

Front 106

Secondary Cell Wall

Back 106

Inside of Primary

Causes the cell to not be able to increase in size

3 different layers

Cellulose fibrils are deposited in different directions for each layer

Front 107

Pits

Back 107

Sections of the secondary wall not deposited over primary pit fields

Gaps are called pits