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64 Cards in this Set
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Acanthostega
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365 Mya
-best known early tetrapod -limbs with 8 digits -aquatic |
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Early Evolution in Amniotes
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-Amniota derives from the possession of an amniotic egg
- sister group to amnitoes: Diadectomorpha -a large number of derived traits are shared by disapprove and amniotes |
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Division in the Amniotes
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1) Synapsids: archaeothyris, early synapsid
2) Reptiles: hylonomus, an Early reptile |
divides into 2
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🔗Lissamphibia
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- Caecilians + frogs + salamanders
-living lissamohibia are monophyletic |
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Which are the 3 living amphibians?
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1) Gymnophiona
2) Anura 3) Caudata |
there are 3. GAC
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🔴Gymnophiona
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-Caecilians, ~186 species
-Gymnophiona= "naked snake" -tropical, except Madagascar and Australia |
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🔴Anura
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-Frogs
- about 500 species -very wide distribution, huge range of habitats -stout body, protruding eyes, no tail |
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🔴Caudata
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-Salamanders
- about 550 species -aquatic or terrestrial, usually found near water |
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🔗Amniota
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-Synapses + sauropsids (ex. reptiles including birds)
-characterized by amniotic egg -adaptation to life on land, free of the the need to return to water |
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🔴Mammalia
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-about 5400 species in 1200 genra
-Endotherms with fur, sweat glands, mammary glands, 4 chambered heart, etc. |
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🔗Sauropsida
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-Reptiles
-extremely diverse group that lives in a wide variety of habitats around he world -includes birds and other dinosaurs |
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🔗Lepidosauria
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-Reptiles w/overlapping scales
-includes squamates, and rhynchicephalians |
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🔴Sphenodontida
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-Tuataras
-2 species in 1 genus, New Zealand -very distinctive morphology, but lizard like -terrestrial, lives in furrows, tolerate cold temperatures -primarily insectiverous -long lived -small coastal islands, half live on Stephens island |
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🔴Squamata
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-Snakes and lizards
-more than 7000 species -large number of shared derived characters |
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🔴Testudinides
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-turtles
-Fossils from at least 210 mya -Anapsid skull -toothless jaw -ribs United with bony carapace (top of shell) -Plastron: bottom of shell |
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🔗Archosauria
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-crocodiles, dinosaurs (including birds), and pterosaurs
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🔴Crocodilia
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-Alligators, caimans, crocodiles, gharials
-25 species -big size range -large rivers, swamps, lagoons, ocean |
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🔴Aves
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-birds
-Feathers, flight beaks, homeothermy |
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Biogeography
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the study of historical processes that affect the geographic distributions of animal and plant species
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Phylogeography
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study of historical processes that affect the geographic distribution of genetic variation within species
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Global Species Richness
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the global number of species is a balance between 2 processes
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Speciation
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the formation of two species from one
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Extinction
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the death of a species
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Net diversification
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* speciation-extinction
*varies tremendously across clades |
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Main Biogeographic Explanations
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1. Vicariance: species ranges are explained by splitting due to the formation of barriers
2. Dispersal: species ranges are explained by movement (dispersal) into new areas |
2 definitions
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Shared Derived Character
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a trait that evolved in the ancestor of a group and is present in all its descendants.
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Monophyletic
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includes most common ancestors of a group of organisms and all descendents
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Paraphyletic
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includes most common ancestors but not all of its descendents
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Polyphyletic
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doesn't include common ancestor of all members of taxon
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Anapsid
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lacks opening/fenestrae in the temporal regions of the skull
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turtles
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Diapsids
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has two opening in the temporal region of the skull
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modern reptiles/crocodiles
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Synapsid
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1 opening in temporal region of the skull
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mammals
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External Fertilization
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-egg and sperms are released outside the body and fertilized outside the body
-found in all frogs and some salamanders (and all fish) -affects patterns of mating and asexual selection |
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Internal Fertilization
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-sperm is directly deposited into the female, who produces eggs and fertilized them internally
-found in Carolinians, most salamander, 2 frogs, and all reptiles -requires a way to get sperm inside the females body |
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IBD
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-isolation by distance
-physical distance and barriers reduce gene flow between population s |
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IBE
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-isolation by environment
-adaptive differences or natural selection against dispensers limit gene flow between divergent habitats |
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What does this graph explain?
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it is both the physical distance and natural selection shape genetic variation with species of ANOLIS
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How are phylogenetic tree created with 5 genes?
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1 mtDNA and 4 nDNA
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What Are the major points to collect evidence using phylogeography?
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A) species geographic range, sequence DNA, genetic variation
B) study migration and gene flow across landscape and pop fragmentation |
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Growth and Development 4 steps
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1. Fertilization
2. Embryogenesis and pathogenesis 3. Metamorphosis 4. Egg hatching |
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Fertilization
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Involves the fusion of the spermatozoan and the ovum to form a zygote
-the ovum tends to be much larger in reptiles than in amphibians |
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Ascaphis: Tailed Frogs
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- the "tail" is a copulatory organ used for internal fertilization.
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Which tetrapods group have internal fertilization?
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Anura and Caudata
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A) Yolk Content in Amphibians
B) Yolk Content in Reptiles |
A) -have small yolk amount
-hatch at earlier larval stage than reptiles B) -more yolk than amphibian ova -hatch as fully formed mini replica of parents |
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What happens after fertilization?
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-zygote undergoes cleavage to form blastula
-the boastful sets the stage for growth and patterning of the rest of the development |
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Amphibian Cleavage
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-have HOLOBLASTIC cleavage
aka each early cell division produces equal size daughter cells -yolk concentration is highest at the bottom and cell division slows there |
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Reptile Cleavage
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- have MEROBLASTIC cleavage
-cleavage furrow only partially penetrates into the yolk "incomplete cleavage" -flat disc for blastula |
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Gastrulation
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- 3 embryonic tissue layers formed
**Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm -formation of pharyngula stage- all basic organ systems are established |
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Amphibian Gastrulation
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-starts with a small indentation on the upper surface of the boastful
-cells migrate inward to form gut tube -the embryo elongated during neurulation: formation of neural tube -the pharyngula contains all yolk within its body as part of the digestive system |
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Reptile Gastrulation
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-Yolk sac is formed
-endodermal tissue grows outward and eventually encompasses the yolk mass -Ectoderm and Mesoderm grow upward into an amniotic sheath *outer 2 layers form Chorion: encases yolk and enbryo *inner 2 layers form amnion: encloses the embryo |
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Morphogenesis
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-is the biological process that causes an organism to develop its shape
-the final shape of an animal depends on the timing of morphogenesis |
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A) What do body plans depend on?
B) Define Somites |
A) position and fate of somites
B) mesodermal segments that give rise to vertebrae |
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Heterochrony
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-changes in the timing and/or rate of growth of certain tissues
-Development can: *speed up, start earlier, and end later *slow down, start later, ends earlier * any combination of these |
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2 Patterns of Heterchrony
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1. Paedomorphosis
2. Peramorphosis |
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Paedomorphosis
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-occurs when a trait fails to develop to the extent observed in related species
-larval traits in "adult" individuals |
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Peramorphosis
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-when a trait develops further than the extent observed in related species
-LESS common in reptile and amphibians |
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Amphibian Larvae
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- "tadpoles" Are free living and most feed
-some depend on yolk stores -Castilian and salamander larvae resemble adults but with pharyngeal slits, gills, tail fins, and specialized larval detention |
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Tadpoles
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-frog larvae are highly specialized
-long muscular tail -spherical body w/coiled intestine -some have external gills (replaced by internally gills in neobatrachian frogs) -oral disc encloses mouth -cartilaginous skeleton -keratinous mouthparts: jaw sheath, labia teeth |
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Metamorphosis (Amphibians)
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-transformation of amphibians from larva to a mini adult
-usually associated with transition from aquatic to terrestrial or semiterretrial lifestyle -changes occurs gradually but over a restricted tome period -initiated by hormone throxine |
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Tadpoles Development
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-can be classified into Grossner Stages
-Stages go from 1 (embryo) to 46 (metamorphosis) -hatching is at stage 17 |
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Direct Development
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-some amphibians have this
-hatchlings don't undergo metamorphosis *hatch as mini adults |
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Reptiles in the Egg
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-they need to maintain proper temperature, gas, and water balance
-maternal nest site selection can be key |
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Reptile Hatching
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-use a projection on the tip of the snout to break through the egg shell
-turtles, crocodylians, and sphenodon have a keratinized egg caruncle -squamates: egg tooth -most reptiles quickly exit the nest, although some turtles have delayed emergence |
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where did many features of tetrapods evolve?
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In aquatic habitat
*features turned out to be useful when transition to land occured |
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