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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Corrections
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the institutions and methods that society uses to correct, control, and change the behavior of convicted offenders
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Retribution
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something given or demanded as repayment for wrongdoing; “getting even” for violating the social contract on which the law is based
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Legislature
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creates laws, defines its content, and establishes criminal penalties
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Judiciary
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interprets the existing law and determines whether or not it meets constitutional requirements
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Executive branch
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helps set judiciary policy and appoints key leaders within the justice system, such as the head of the prison system and judges
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Nolle Prosequi
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a formal entry in the record of the court indicating that the prosecutor does not intend to proceed any further in this case (witness doesn’t show)
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Prison-industrial complex
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a term given to describe the multibillion-dollar prison building boom in which powerful corporate interest groups, local businesses, and politicians join together to profit from the burgeoning corrections industry
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Mass incarceration
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a term given for the high rates of incarceration in the U. S.
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Professionalism
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the conduct, aims, or qualities that characterize or make a profession or a professional person
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Code of Hammurabi
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Law code issued during the reign of Hammurabi of Babylon. The law of talion makes its appearance in this code, on of the first comprehensive views of the law
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Code of Draco
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exceedingly harsh law code issued in Athens by Draco; death was the punishment for nearly every offense
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Twelve Tables
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the foundation of Roman civil and criminal law, legislated in 450 BCE, by a commission of both patricians and plebeians
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Justinian Code
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Law code compiled by order of the Roman emperor Justinian in the sixth century. It revised, reorganized, and updated Roman law. Also known as corpus juris civilis (“body of civil law”)
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Gallery Slavery
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forced rowing of large ships called galleys; an example of punishment as a source of labor
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Gaols
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early name for jails, a temporary placement for prisoners characterized by horrible conditions
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Bridewells
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houses of corrections run by local authorities to teach habits of industry to vagrants and idlers; term commonly used in England
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Workhouses
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these provide support for those unable to provide for themselves; individuals were to be taught a trade and good work habits in a workhouse. Eventually, these included a variety of individuals, including the poor, debtors, unemployed, and the unruly
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Maison de Force
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a combination of workhouse, poorhouse, and reformatory which required all occupants to work
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Hospice of San Michele
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an early institution for youthful offenders, which also had quarters for the aged, orphans, and poor
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Penitentiary
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a prison in which persons found guilty of a felony are isolated from normal society
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Eastern State Penitentiary
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a fortress-like prison in Philadelphia consisting of seven wings radiating from a central control hub. Prisoners were kept in solitary confinement. It became a model for prisoners in several European countries.
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Pennsylvania Model
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a penal system based on the belief that most prisoners would benefit from the experience of incarceration
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Auburn Silent system
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a system, first used in the prison in Auburn, New York, that demanded silence from all prisoners at all times, even when they were eating or working together
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First Correctional Congress
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A congress held in Cincinnati in 1870 that presented progressive ideas about corrections and formulated the Declaration of Principles
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Reformatory Model
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a penal system for youthful offenders featuring indeterminate sentencing and parole, classification of prisoners, educational and vocational training, and increased privileges for positive behavior
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Medical model
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the idea that criminality is a sickness that can be cured through psychological intervention
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General deterrence
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the idea that punishing one person for his or her criminal acts will discourage others from committing similar acts
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Specific deterrence
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the idea that an individual offender will decide against repeating an offense after experiencing the painfulness of punishment for that offence
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Incapacitation
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isolating offenders to protect society
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Selective incapacitation
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identifying high-rate offenders and providing for their long-term incarceration
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Rehabilitation
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changing an offender’s character, attitudes, or behavior patterns so as to diminish his or her criminal propensities
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Just Deserts
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punishment that is commensurate with the seriousness of the offense of the harm done
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Justice Model
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a model of corrections based on the belief that individuals have free will and are responsible for their decisions and thus deserve to the punished if they violate the law. The punishment they receive should be proportionate to the offense of the harm done
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Restorative Justice
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this goal of sentencing requires that the offender repay the victim or society for the harm resulting from the criminal offense
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Equity goal of punishment
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means that convicted offenders must pay back their victims for their loss, the justice system for costs related to the case, and society for the disruptions caused because of their crime
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Concurrent sentences
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one or more sentences imposed at the same time and served simultaneously
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Consecutive sentences
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one or more sentences imposed at the same time and served ONE AFTER THE OTHER
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Indeterminate sentence
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sentence that permits early release from a correctional institution after the offender has served a required minimum portion of his or her sentence
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Determinate sentence
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sentencing that imposes a sentence for a definite term. Its main forms are flat-time sentences, mandatory sentences, and presumptive sentences.
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Sentence guidelines
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federal and state guidelines intended to ensure fair sentencing by ending the reduction of terms in prison by grants of parole, ensuring that persons committing similar crimes serve similar terms, and ensuring that sentences reflect the severity of the criminal conduct
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Presumptive sentencing
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sentencing in which the legislature sets penalties for criminal acts
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Mandatory minimum sentence
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the imposition of sentences required by statute for those convicted of a particular crime with specific circumstances, such as selling drugs to a minor close to a school or robbery with a firearm
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Three-strikes laws
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rules for repeat offenders that require long sentences without parole for conviction of a third or higher-order felony
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Truth-In-Sentencing
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a close connection between the imposed sentence and the actual time served in prison
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Judicial reprieve
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permitted judges to suspend judgment until offenders could seek a pardon or gather new evidence
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Recognizance
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permitted offenders to remain free if they promised to pay their debts to the state
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Sureties
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individuals who would agree to make themselves responsible for offenders who had been released from custody
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Reintegrative philosophy
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a correctional approach aimed at returning offenders as soon as possible to the community
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Community corrections Act (CCA)
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state-based acts through which local governments that participate receive subsidies for diverting minor offenders from state prisons
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True diversion
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a diversionary program where the offender has his or her criminal prosecution dropped upon successful completion of this program
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Minimization of system penetration
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a diversion whose purpose is to minimize the offender’s contact with the justice process as much as possible
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Dispute resolution programs
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programs whose purpose is to keep minor conflicts between criminals out of the criminal courts. Most are base on mediation.
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Deferred Prosecution programs
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those referred to these programs benefit from having their charges DROPPED upon their successful completion
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Treatment Alternatives to Street Crime (TASC)
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a treatment program designed to divert minor drug abusers away from the criminal justice system
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Probation
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a form of punishment that permits a convicted offender to remain in the community, under the supervision of a probation officer and subject to certain conditions set by the court
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Financial restitution
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payment of a sum of money by an offender either to the victim or to a public fund for victims of crime
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Community Service
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requires an offender to perform a certain number of work hours at a private nonprofit or government agency
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Risk Management system
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a correctional system that is focused more on regulating and controlling offenders than on providing treatment or services for them
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New penology
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a new approach in probation and other community-based corrections that focuses more on administrative control and regulation than on treatment and offering services
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Presentence Investigation (PI)
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an investigation whose main purposes are to help the court decide whether to grant probation, to determine the conditions of probation, to determine the length of the sentence, and the decide on community-based or institutional placement for the defendant
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Revocation of probation
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a formal procedure that takes place when a parole board, after listening to both the parolee and his or her parole officer and their witnesses, decides that parole must end because the offender committed a new crime or violated the conditions of parole
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Deferred Sentence
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a sentence that delays conviction on a guilty plea until the sentenced offender has successfully served his or her probation term
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Shock probation
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the offender, his or her attorney, or the sentencing judge can submit a motion to suspend the remainder of a sentence after a felon has served a period of time in prison
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Bench, or unsupervised, probation
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a type of probation in which probationers are not subject to supervision
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Split sentence
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a sentence requiring an offender to spend a period of time in jail before being placed on probation in the community
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Intensive probation
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supervision that is far stricter than standard probationary supervision
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Fine
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a sanction that requires convicted offenders to pay a specified sum of money
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Day fine
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a fine that represents one day of income for the defendant
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Civil forfeiture
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to confiscate property used in law violations and remove the illegally gained profits from violators
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Criminal forfeiture
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following conviction, offenders must relinquish assets related to the offense
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Community service order
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a court order that requires an offender to perform a certain number of work hours at a private nonprofit or government agency
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House arrest
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a court-imposed sentence that orders and offender to remain confined in his or her residence for the duration or remainder of the sentence
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Electronic monitoring
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the use of electronic equipment to verify that an offender is at home or in a community correctional center during specified hours
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Drug courts
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courts designed for nonviolent offenders with substance abuse problems who require integrated sanctions and services such as mandatory drug testing, supervised release, and parole
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Day reporting center
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a facility where an offender usually on probation, must report every day to participate in counseling, social skills training, and other rehabilitative activities
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Residential community corrections centers
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residential centers for offenders that frequently offer a last chance before an offender is sent to prison or a last chance for parole violators
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Boot camp
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a military-style facility used as an alternative to prison in order to deal with prison crowding and public demand for severe treatment; designed to give offenders a sense of responsibility while improving self-discipline
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