Terms To Know For Test 1

Front 1

FUNGICIDE

Back 1

a kind of pesticide which kills fungi (in agriculture, normally fungi
which cause diseases on plants)

Front 2

FUNGISTAT

Back 2

a chemical which (temporarily) stops a fungus from growing

Front 3

PROTECTANT (PREVENTATIVE)

Back 3

a fungicide which prevents fungal infections (retards fungal growth
or prevents a fungus from penetrating into the host plant)

Front 4

ERADICANT (CURATIVE)

Back 4

a fungicide which can kill fungi that have already invaded and begun to damage plant tissues

Front 5

TRANSLOCATION

Back 5

movement of fluids through the vascular system of a plant;
some fluids (plant nutrients) are normally translocated upward, while others may be
translocated in either direction

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CONTACT PESTICIDE

Back 6

one which only affects pests it actually touches or one
which is not taken up into plant tissue and translocated

Front 7

SYSTEMIC PESTICIDE

Back 7

one which is taken up into plant tissue after it has been
applied (to the foliage or to the soil) and is translocated to other regions of the plant

Front 8

SYMPTOM

Back 8

the evidence of damage to a plant as a result of pest (e.g., fungus,
bacterium, or other plant pathogen) or insect activity

Front 9

SIGN

Back 9

evidence of the actual organism causing disease (e.g., fruiting bodies, fungal
strands)

Front 10

PHYTOTOXICITY

Back 10

damage to a plant, usually as a result of an overexposure (or
hypersensitivity) to a pesticide or other chemical

Front 11

HERBICIDE

Back 11

a pesticide used to kill or otherwise control weeds

Front 12

SELECTIVE HERBICIDE

Back 12

one which is effective against only certain kinds of plants
(e.g., grasses, perennial woody plants, or annual broadleaf plants)

Front 13

NON-SELECTIVE HERBICIDE

Back 13

one which is effective against any plant with which it comes in contact

Front 14

CONTACT HERBICIDE

Back 14

an herbicide that only affects pests it actually touches or one
which is not taken up into plant tissue and translocated

Front 15

SYSTEMIC

Back 15

an herbicide which is taken up into plant tissue after it has been applied
(to the foliage or to the soil) and is translocated to other regions of the plant

Front 16

PRE-EMERGENT HERBICIDE

Back 16

an herbicide that must be applied before the intended target has germinated

Front 17

POST-EMERGENT HERBICIDE

Back 17

an herbicide that should be applied after the intended target has germinated

Front 18

MERISTEM

Back 18

plant tissue which includes undifferentiated cells capable of dividing and giving rise to various specialized cell types; the part of the plant growing (expending) actively (and often the part of the plant most susceptible to the actions of herbicides)

Front 19

PHYSICAL TOXICANT

Back 19

herbicide which ruptures cell membranes

Front 20

PHENOXY ACIDS (PHENOXYACETIC ACID DERIVATIVES)

Back 20

a class of preemergent,
selective herbicide translocated downward

Front 21

TRIAZINE

Back 21

a class of herbicide applied to soil post-emergence, often persistent

Front 22

CARRYOVER

Back 22

persistence of an herbicide in a field several months after application which may preclude the planting of sensitive crops (e.g., triazines)

Front 23

CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON (ORGANOCHLORINE)

Back 23

a class of insecticides which
contains carbon and chlorine (among other things)

Front 24

ORGANOPHOSPHATE (OP)

Back 24

a class of insecticides which is derived from phosphoric acid;
mode of action is as cholinesterase inhibitor

Front 25

CARBAMATE

Back 25

a class of insecticide which is derived from carbamic acid; mode of action is as cholinesterase inhibitor

Front 26

SYSTEMIC PESTICIDE

Back 26

one which is taken up into plant tissue and translocated to other plant parts

Front 27

CONTACT PESTICIDE

Back 27

one which only affects pests it actually touches or one which is not taken up into plant tissue and translocated

Front 28

BROAD SPECTRUM PESTICIDE

Back 28

one which is effective against a wide range of relatively closely related organisms

Front 29

ROTENONE

Back 29

a botanical insecticide, derived from Derris roots (a legume), highly toxic to fish
and many insects

Front 30

PYRETHRUM

Back 30

a botanical insecticide, derived from African chrysanthemums, not stable in sunlight

Front 31

PYRETHRIN

Back 31

one of the molecules in pyrethrum

Front 32

SYNTHETIC PYRETHROID

Back 32

laboratory created insecticide closely related to pyrethrum but
more stable in sunlight and longer lasting

Front 33

KNOCKDOWN

Back 33

“stunning” of insects without mortality

Front 34

SYNERGIST

Back 34

a compound which enhances the effectiveness of a pesticide

Front 35

INSECT GROWTH REGULATOR

Back 35

a compound which interferes with the normal
development of an insect; may affect the molting process from one stage to another or may
interfere with the production of chitin, a critical part of molting

Front 36

JUVENILE HORMONE

Back 36

a hormone which, when present, prevents an insect form molting
from an immature stage to the adult stage

Front 37

ADSORPTION

Back 37

the binding of a pesticide to the outside of a soil particle (like iron filings on magnet)

Front 38

SOLUBILITY

Back 38

the ability of a substance to form a solution with another substance (usually water);
highly soluble pesticides are more likely to move in water

Front 39

POLAR COMPOUND

Back 39

one that has distinct negativity and positively charged portions

Front 40

NON-POLAR COMPOUND

Back 40

one that does not have any distinctly charged portions

Front 41

VOLATILIZATION

Back 41

the transformation of a solid or liquid to the gaseous phase

Front 42

ABSORPTION

Back 42

the taking up of a substance into plant or animal tissue (like a sponge soaking up water)

Front 43

RUN-OFF

Back 43

horizontal movement of water on the surface

Front 44

LEACHING

Back 44

vertical movement of water through the soil profile (and ultimately to groundwater)

Front 45

EROSION

Back 45

the wearing away of a substance (such as soil) as a result of movement of another substance (such as water)

Front 46

HYDROLYSIS

Back 46

a breakdown process that involves the addition of water to a molecule

Front 47

REDUCTION

Back 47

a breakdown process that involves addition of H+ or loss of O- to a molecule

Front 48

OXIDATION

Back 48

a breakdown process that involves addition of O- to a molecule

Front 49

DEHYDROCHLORINATION

Back 49

a breakdown process that involves loss of HCl

Front 50

ISOMERIZATION

Back 50

a breakdown process that involves a change in molecular structure

Front 51

INFILTRATION RATE

Back 51

rate at which water soaks into the ground or soil

Front 52

TRANSPIRATION

Back 52

release of water vapor into the atmosphere by plants

Front 53

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

Back 53

water returned to atmosphere through evaporation (from the
surface) and from transpiration

Front 54

IMPERVIOUS LAYER

Back 54

(rock or dense clay), a layer above which water accumulates,
filling all the SPACES above the layer

Front 55

GROUNDWATER

Back 55

water which accumulates below ground but above an impervious layer

Front 56

SURFACE WATER

Back 56

all water that occurs naturally at or above earth’s surface (ponds,
lakes, streams, oceans)

Front 57

SATURATED ZONE

Back 57

boundary of water table; rock below the boundary is saturated

Front 58

UNSATURATED ZONE

Back 58

area of rock/bedrock above the water table; level varies over
time

Front 59

WATER TABLE

Back 59

the upper surface of groundwater; gravitational water becomes
groundwater when it reaches the water table

Front 60

AQUIFER

Back 60

layer of porous material through which groundwater moves

Front 61

RECHARGE AREA

Back 61

area where water enters the aquifer (may be several miles from where water leaves aquifer)

Front 62

POROSITY

Back 62

ratio of volume of voids (spaces) in rocks (or soil) to total volume of rock (or soil)

Front 63

PERMEABILITY

Back 63

a measure of the ease with which water can move through rock or soil, primarily dependent on the size of the pores (spaces) and the degree to which those pores are interconnected

Front 64

FIELD CAPACITY

Back 64

the point at which downward movement of water through soil becomes negligible because the macropore spaces have emptied of water and are filled with air; future downward movement must occur through capillary action, which is much slower

Front 65

POINT SOURCE CONTAMINATION

Back 65

contamination of a site by a pollutant that can be traced to its point of origin (e.g., accident at production plant

Front 66

NON-POINT SOURCE CONTAMINATION

Back 66

contamination of a site by a pollutant which may have come from any of a number of places, and cannot be traced directly (e.g., a pesticide used according to label on many acres of crop near a stream)

Front 67

Acute toxicity

Back 67

Toxicity that occurs as a result of one or two, usually high level, exposures to a toxicant

Front 68

Chronic toxicity

Back 68

long term effects of low levels of exposure to toxicant (effects of daily exposure over a majority of an animal's life span)

Front 69

Sub-lethal effects

Back 69

responses of an organism to exposure to a toxicant that do not lead to death but do result in deleterious effects (weight loss, reduced production)

Front 70

Calculate LD50

Back 70

Lethal Dose 50%...dose necessary to kill half a test population..lower LD50=more toxic chemical

Front 71

Routes of entry

Back 71

dermal, oral, inhalation

Front 72

Dose response curves

Back 72

VAxis: % responding to dose
HAxis: dose amount
-Test wide range..weak to concentrated

Front 73

NOEL

Back 73

No Observable Effect Level
-no detectable response
-specific point where most susceptible animals first respond to exposure
-when exposure increases, proportion of pop showing response and severity of response increase

Front 74

Linear Response

Back 74

increased dose results in increased response

Front 75

Plateau

Back 75

-Max response (increased dose does not increase response)
-Max effect level