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33 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Renaissance
-(1300-1650)
-period of "rebirth"
-printing press allowed books to be made
-revival in Galen's writings
-try to overcome the individual idea of Galen
Syphilis
-(1493-present day) but researchers found bones with syphilis in it from before 1493
-caused by Treponema bacteria
-causes other diseases like skin disease (yawns)
-started as non-verneral through skin-to-skin contact but evolved and became verneral
-received mercurial treatment b/c opposite to God of Love, Venus
-spread through Europe quickly killing similar to small pox and measles in South America
-closed brothels and made prostitutes look dirty and diseased
Autopsy
-(has been dated to the Egyptians to now)
-means to look at one's self
-dissections become big
-students watch and learn through demostrations
-this challenges Galen since he never dissected a human
Vesalius
-(1514-1564)
-discovered zoophsy can't replace autopsy
-wrote "On the Fabric of the Human Body"
-systematically challenged Galen
On the Fabric of the Human Body
-(1543)
-1st book on anatomy
-proper method of autopsy was in the book
-made illustrations an essential part of anatomy textbooks
-encouraged others to discover
Galen
-(129-201 BCE)
-was a prolific writer and debater of medicine
-created a synthesis of medicine based on the Hippocrates Corpus
-his works were studied for centuries until challenged and proven wrong
-believed in a system of impurities, spirits, and blood traveling through the lungs, heart, and brain
Harvey
-(1578-1657)
-discovered circulation and started using words like that
-proves the circulation through published De Motu Cordis
-heart worked as a muscle that pumped the blood through the body
-pumped through veins and arteries
-founds Galen is wrong b/c fluids were too much for the body
Microscope
-(1590-now)
-started out as magnifying glasses
-allowed to get a closer look
-allowed many more discoveries
-Von Leeuwenhoek made them
Von Leeuwenhoek
-(1632-1723)
-made microscopes
-achievements in lenses grinding were unmatched
-denied spontaneous generation
-Dutch scientist
-one of the 1st observations of bacteria, or "animalcules"
Heroic Medicine
-(1780-1870s)
-believed in drastic measures
-drastic bloodletting
-mercury-based
-don't work in some people's eyes like murderous methods
-would depleted them of fluids made the patient anemic
Laudanum
-(16th century-1806 when opium was isolated)
-opium dissolved in alcohol
-diarrhea and sleeplessness remedy
-one of few pain killers
-created by Paracelsus
Homeopathy
-(late 18th century-1940s and the antibiotic revolution)
-invented by a German named Samuel Hahneman
-drugs produce a very similar condition in healthy persons to that which they relieve the sick
-law of similars, "like cure like"
-uses very small amounts of natural substances b/c too much would create sickness
Small Pox
-most ancient disease when we become civilized
-plagued Europe for centuries
-help France conquer South America
-caused by a poxvirus and highly infectious and has a mortality rate
Lady Mary Wortley Montague
-(1689-1762)
-introduces the Turkish method of inoculation for smallpox when she returns to London
-the disease killed her brother and robbed her of her beauty
-after a smallpox epidemic attacked England, she had her 3-year old daughter inoculated in a publicized event to show the method worked
-gained general acceptance of the method
Edward Jenner
-(1749-1823)
-a rural English doctor observed in 1796 that people who were infected with a less severe disease called cowpox didn't become infected with smallpox
-found the vaccination to smallpox through cowpox
-but wrong about the origin of cowpox
Cowpox
-(late 18th century-present day)
-the vaccination of smallpox
-Jenner noticed it through observations and tests
-was a poxvirus that attacked cows and was located on the udders of an infected cow
Domestic Medicine
-(18th century-present day_
-behavioral, nutritional, and health care practices, including hygiene, used in a household passed through generations
-1st made popular by Scottish physician William Buchan
-spread through manuals
"Golden Age of Quakery"
-(American Revolution onto the Civil War)
-used to describe an era when American patent medicine was being mass marketed
-fake and fraudulent claims to medicines
-British medicine became less dominant and that left people to create new remedies and medicines that they said "worked," therefore, quackery flourished
Frank Mesmer
-(1734-1815)
-a German physician who invented mesmerism
-he believed that there was a natural energetic transference that occurred between all animated and inanimated and spiritual forces
-led to James Braid to develop hypnosis
Resurrection Men
-(when bodies were needed to the anatomy act of 1832)
-were body snatchers
-dug up dead bodies to sell to people who needed them
-paid extremely well and the crime was a misdemeanor with an affordable fine
-hired to get bodies for dissection during a time where the was a lack of bodies b/c of religious beliefs
Burke and Hare
-(Nov. 1827-Oct. 1828)
-2 body snatchers or Resurrection men who killed people to sell to medical science
-they killed people who were suffering and then turned to prostitutes
-the fresher the body the more money it was worth
-actions caused easy access to bodies later on
Anatomy Act of 1832
-stops Burke and Hare-line incidents from happening
-required proper treatment and license
-lawful possession of a body let you give it to anatomic study
-bodies from the poor house b/c:
-this saved poor people money b/c they wouldn't have to pay for burial costs
Pasteur
-(1822-1896)
-French chemist and microbiologist
-one of the founders of microbiology
-discovered some organisms could survive without oxygen
-created vaccine for rabies and anthrax through the experiment where he ejected weak and strong cultures into live animals
-also discovered and created the process known as pasteurization
Pasteurization
-(1st test in April 1862-used present day)
-method to stop milk and wine from causing sickness
-slows microbial growth by rapid cooling after long periods of heating up
-not intended to kill all micro-organisms
Attenuated Vaccines
-(late 19th century-present day)
-created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen
-takes an infectious agent and alters it so that it becomes harmless or less virulent
-rabies, chicken pox vaccines
-Pasteur helped developed these
Rabies
-(has been around since civilization)
-caused by a virus spread through infected animals
-attacks the nervous system and brain
-no cure and creates a very painful, agonizing death
-experimental on live animals to find vaccines
Robert Koch
-(1843-1910)
-German physician
-founder of bacteriology
-discovered anthrax
-further developed the work of Pasteur
-created Koch's Postulates
Koch's Postulates
-(published by Koch in 1890)
-establish a causal relationship between a causative microbe and a disease
1) discover in every infection
2) isolate and maintain
3) cause disease
4) re-isolate organism from the new sick animals
Contagion
-(started by Fracastoro in 1546-germ theory was validated in late 19th century)
-counter-theory to miasma theory
-diseases that were spread through person-to-person contact
-developed quarantine systems for epidemics
-it was believed that diabolical maleficium was transmitted from person-to-person
Miasma
-(around ancient times in Europe-to germ theory late 19th century displaced it)
-counter-theory to contagion
-believed atmospheric exhalations given off by stagnant pongs, rotting vegetables and animal matter, human waste, and anything else that was filthy
-explained why slum districts and the poor were so stricken by epidemics
-scientific b/c it linked soil, environment, atmosphere, and sickness
Cholera
-(has been since ancient times and still exists)
-an infection of the small intestine that causes a large amount of watery diarrhea caused by Vibrio cholerae
-caused the London's worst epidemic 1854
Dr. Snow
-(1813-1858)
-an anesthiologist
-solved the Broad Street Pump link to cholera and helped saved thousands from his research
-proved cholera is waterborne by disabling London's Broad Street pump and mapping the incidence of the disease in the city
-his work isn't truly believed until events like the Great Stink and a 2nd epidemic occur
Broad Street Pump
-the source of cholera during London's worst epidemic of 1854
-a family had dumped infected waste into an area where the infectious disease reached the water line
-Dr. Snow turned off the pump through mapping techniques that proved the source