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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Renaissance
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-(1300-1650)
-period of "rebirth" -printing press allowed books to be made -revival in Galen's writings -try to overcome the individual idea of Galen |
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Syphilis
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-(1493-present day) but researchers found bones with syphilis in it from before 1493
-caused by Treponema bacteria -causes other diseases like skin disease (yawns) -started as non-verneral through skin-to-skin contact but evolved and became verneral -received mercurial treatment b/c opposite to God of Love, Venus -spread through Europe quickly killing similar to small pox and measles in South America -closed brothels and made prostitutes look dirty and diseased |
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Autopsy
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-(has been dated to the Egyptians to now)
-means to look at one's self -dissections become big -students watch and learn through demostrations -this challenges Galen since he never dissected a human |
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Vesalius
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-(1514-1564)
-discovered zoophsy can't replace autopsy -wrote "On the Fabric of the Human Body" -systematically challenged Galen |
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On the Fabric of the Human Body
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-(1543)
-1st book on anatomy -proper method of autopsy was in the book -made illustrations an essential part of anatomy textbooks -encouraged others to discover |
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Galen
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-(129-201 BCE)
-was a prolific writer and debater of medicine -created a synthesis of medicine based on the Hippocrates Corpus -his works were studied for centuries until challenged and proven wrong -believed in a system of impurities, spirits, and blood traveling through the lungs, heart, and brain |
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Harvey
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-(1578-1657)
-discovered circulation and started using words like that -proves the circulation through published De Motu Cordis -heart worked as a muscle that pumped the blood through the body -pumped through veins and arteries -founds Galen is wrong b/c fluids were too much for the body |
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Microscope
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-(1590-now)
-started out as magnifying glasses -allowed to get a closer look -allowed many more discoveries -Von Leeuwenhoek made them |
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Von Leeuwenhoek
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-(1632-1723)
-made microscopes -achievements in lenses grinding were unmatched -denied spontaneous generation -Dutch scientist -one of the 1st observations of bacteria, or "animalcules" |
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Heroic Medicine
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-(1780-1870s)
-believed in drastic measures -drastic bloodletting -mercury-based -don't work in some people's eyes like murderous methods -would depleted them of fluids made the patient anemic |
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Laudanum
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-(16th century-1806 when opium was isolated)
-opium dissolved in alcohol -diarrhea and sleeplessness remedy -one of few pain killers -created by Paracelsus |
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Homeopathy
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-(late 18th century-1940s and the antibiotic revolution)
-invented by a German named Samuel Hahneman -drugs produce a very similar condition in healthy persons to that which they relieve the sick -law of similars, "like cure like" -uses very small amounts of natural substances b/c too much would create sickness |
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Small Pox
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-most ancient disease when we become civilized
-plagued Europe for centuries -help France conquer South America -caused by a poxvirus and highly infectious and has a mortality rate |
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Lady Mary Wortley Montague
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-(1689-1762)
-introduces the Turkish method of inoculation for smallpox when she returns to London -the disease killed her brother and robbed her of her beauty -after a smallpox epidemic attacked England, she had her 3-year old daughter inoculated in a publicized event to show the method worked -gained general acceptance of the method |
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Edward Jenner
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-(1749-1823)
-a rural English doctor observed in 1796 that people who were infected with a less severe disease called cowpox didn't become infected with smallpox -found the vaccination to smallpox through cowpox -but wrong about the origin of cowpox |
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Cowpox
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-(late 18th century-present day)
-the vaccination of smallpox -Jenner noticed it through observations and tests -was a poxvirus that attacked cows and was located on the udders of an infected cow |
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Domestic Medicine
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-(18th century-present day_
-behavioral, nutritional, and health care practices, including hygiene, used in a household passed through generations -1st made popular by Scottish physician William Buchan -spread through manuals |
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"Golden Age of Quakery"
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-(American Revolution onto the Civil War)
-used to describe an era when American patent medicine was being mass marketed -fake and fraudulent claims to medicines -British medicine became less dominant and that left people to create new remedies and medicines that they said "worked," therefore, quackery flourished |
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Frank Mesmer
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-(1734-1815)
-a German physician who invented mesmerism -he believed that there was a natural energetic transference that occurred between all animated and inanimated and spiritual forces -led to James Braid to develop hypnosis |
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Resurrection Men
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-(when bodies were needed to the anatomy act of 1832)
-were body snatchers -dug up dead bodies to sell to people who needed them -paid extremely well and the crime was a misdemeanor with an affordable fine -hired to get bodies for dissection during a time where the was a lack of bodies b/c of religious beliefs |
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Burke and Hare
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-(Nov. 1827-Oct. 1828)
-2 body snatchers or Resurrection men who killed people to sell to medical science -they killed people who were suffering and then turned to prostitutes -the fresher the body the more money it was worth -actions caused easy access to bodies later on |
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Anatomy Act of 1832
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-stops Burke and Hare-line incidents from happening
-required proper treatment and license -lawful possession of a body let you give it to anatomic study -bodies from the poor house b/c: -this saved poor people money b/c they wouldn't have to pay for burial costs |
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Pasteur
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-(1822-1896)
-French chemist and microbiologist -one of the founders of microbiology -discovered some organisms could survive without oxygen -created vaccine for rabies and anthrax through the experiment where he ejected weak and strong cultures into live animals -also discovered and created the process known as pasteurization |
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Pasteurization
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-(1st test in April 1862-used present day)
-method to stop milk and wine from causing sickness -slows microbial growth by rapid cooling after long periods of heating up -not intended to kill all micro-organisms |
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Attenuated Vaccines
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-(late 19th century-present day)
-created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen -takes an infectious agent and alters it so that it becomes harmless or less virulent -rabies, chicken pox vaccines -Pasteur helped developed these |
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Rabies
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-(has been around since civilization)
-caused by a virus spread through infected animals -attacks the nervous system and brain -no cure and creates a very painful, agonizing death -experimental on live animals to find vaccines |
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Robert Koch
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-(1843-1910)
-German physician -founder of bacteriology -discovered anthrax -further developed the work of Pasteur -created Koch's Postulates |
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Koch's Postulates
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-(published by Koch in 1890)
-establish a causal relationship between a causative microbe and a disease 1) discover in every infection 2) isolate and maintain 3) cause disease 4) re-isolate organism from the new sick animals |
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Contagion
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-(started by Fracastoro in 1546-germ theory was validated in late 19th century)
-counter-theory to miasma theory -diseases that were spread through person-to-person contact -developed quarantine systems for epidemics -it was believed that diabolical maleficium was transmitted from person-to-person |
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Miasma
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-(around ancient times in Europe-to germ theory late 19th century displaced it)
-counter-theory to contagion -believed atmospheric exhalations given off by stagnant pongs, rotting vegetables and animal matter, human waste, and anything else that was filthy -explained why slum districts and the poor were so stricken by epidemics -scientific b/c it linked soil, environment, atmosphere, and sickness |
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Cholera
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-(has been since ancient times and still exists)
-an infection of the small intestine that causes a large amount of watery diarrhea caused by Vibrio cholerae -caused the London's worst epidemic 1854 |
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Dr. Snow
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-(1813-1858)
-an anesthiologist -solved the Broad Street Pump link to cholera and helped saved thousands from his research -proved cholera is waterborne by disabling London's Broad Street pump and mapping the incidence of the disease in the city -his work isn't truly believed until events like the Great Stink and a 2nd epidemic occur |
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Broad Street Pump
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-the source of cholera during London's worst epidemic of 1854
-a family had dumped infected waste into an area where the infectious disease reached the water line -Dr. Snow turned off the pump through mapping techniques that proved the source |