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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Social Responsibility Theory |
- mass media provides citizens with accurate, relevant, unbiased information that they can absorb in order to get along in political society and perform their duties |
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Ancient Greek Politics |
polity (community)- men met together to exercise art of politics through rhetoric/argument |
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Bruce Williams' 4-part Ethics/Political Relevance Test for Information |
Is it useful? (Does it help citizens make decisions) Is it sufficient? (Enough depth) Is it trustworthy? Who is the intended audience? |
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4 Normative Roles of Media in Democratic Society |
Radical- media provides an alternate vision Monitorial- Watchdog Facilitative- Coverage of politics/elections Collaborative- Promote views of the state |
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Leading source of info. in most campaigns? |
Advertising, this includes websites b/c they are under control of the candidate |
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According to Bok, when is it okay to investigate the private life of a public figure? |
- "when an unequal power relationship is involved, unethical acts may be justifiable" - investigating private life of public figure is validated if he/she is in position to do harm |
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Discretion |
having practical wisdom not to reveal everything one is told |
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Symbiotic Relationship between Terrorists and the media |
Terrorists need the media to communicate their messages, media gets ratings |
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What is the primary teaching tool of the book, Media Ethics? What won't you find? |
Case Studies; You'll find no media bashing, no conclusions/answers |
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Quandary Ethics |
The feeling that no best choice is available and that everyone's choice is equally valid- we try to avoid this |
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What two questions do contemporary ethics revolve around? |
1. What duties do I have, and to whom do I owe them? 2. What values are reflected by the duties I have assumed? |
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Difference Between ETHICS and MORALS |
ETHICS- begin when moral system conflicts, good vs better OR poor vs worse MORALS- more religious in nature, right vs wrong |
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What are the three steps of Bok's Model for Ethical Decision Making? |
1. Consult your conscience- How do you feel about the action? 2. Seek expert advice- Is there another alternative? 3. Conduct public discussion with those involved- How will others respond? |
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Aristotle's Golden Mean |
EMPHASIZE THE ACTOR Virtue Ethics Virtue lies at the mean between two extremes of EXCESS and DEFICIENCY To find this mean, you must exercise practical wisdom, act according to high standards and with firm, continuing character traits |
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Kant's Categorical Imperative |
EMPHASIZE THE ACTION Act as if your choice = Universal Law Act so you treat each individual as an end, never merely a means |
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Mill's Utilitarianism |
EMPHASIZE THE OUTCOME An act's rightness is determined by its contribution to a desirable end It may be okay to harm one person for the benefit of larger group "Greatest good for the greatest number" Sometimes too scientific |
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Pluralistic Theory of Value |
More than one ethical value competing at once Right vs Good Prima facie duties seem right b/c of nature of the act itself Duty Proper is the duties that are paramount in a given situation |
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Communitarianism |
Focuses on the outcome of individual ethical decisions analyzed in the light of their impact on society |
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Four Stages of Truth |
1. Ancient Greece- Plato linked truth to rationality, it can't be touched b/c it is within 2. Enlightenment- Truth is external, must be verified with empirical evidence, basis of modern journalistic truth 3. Early 20th Century- Must divorce opinion from fact, Fact-Based Journalism = more readers = Advertising $ 4. Early 21st Century- No facts get in the way of your opinion, objectivity is less important, Partisan Press = ratings/audience = ADS/$ |
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Objectivity |
Divorcing fact from opinion |
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What is the difference between truth and fact? |
Madonna example- didn't get the job b/c she had bad eye contact in interview Fact- She didn't look interviewer in the eye Truth- She did it because of cultural differences, not because she lacked confidence Facts (based on logic/reasoning/observation) can lead to incorrect truths (more dependent on perspective/experience) |
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4 Things Journalists Ask Themselves When Faced With An Ethical Dilemma |
- Whom does it help, whom does it hurt? - What do we usually do in cases just like this? - Are there better alternatives? - Can I look myself in the mirror tomorrow? |
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One sentence summary of Chapter 2, Seeking the Truth? |
It is about the elusiveness of truth, fact, objectivity and accuracy. |
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Strategic Communications |
researching target markets and aiming communications, tailored for them, at them Connections between advertising and public relations |
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Cookies |
attached to a person's computer and used to gather specific demographics about that person- sold to marketers |
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Why is advertising critical and beneficial to government? |
It generates revenue that pays for schools, fire depts., etc. and makes for a community with better infrastructure |
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How did the author's connect to Harry Potter? |
The room of requirement- One way of thinking about technology is to equate it with efficiency. Technology itself raises no ethical issues, but the issues lie in how it is used. |
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Besides equating technology with efficiency, what is the other way of thinking about technology and its affect on ethics? |
Technology is embedded with values. Every type of technology has its own things it values. |
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How do we put ADS to an ethical test? |
Truthfulness- Are the claims truthful? Ex. Cheerios Authenticity- Sincere? Would you buy your own reasoning? Disclosure of who is paying and who stands to profit from success of message. Ex. Stereotyping elderly as frail, helpless OR selling pharmaceuticals to consumers Respect- Does it respect receiver of message? Ex. Texting and Driving Equity- Is recipient on level playing field? Ex. ExxonMobil & double hulls Socially Responsible- If everyone bought it, would society benefit? Is anyone harmed by it? Does this incr./decr. a person's trust for persuasive messages? Does it take corporate responsibility seriously? Ex. MTV condom ads, Ads of comforts of energy consumption that leads to Global Warming, incr. mosquito diseases |
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How do journalists and P.R. pros have a symbiotic relationship? |
No news organization is large enough to gather all the day's news so the PR provide it in bite-size samples, while the journalists/media provide the audience for publicity that PR clients need |
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Cognitive Dissonance |
when the message and the action coming out of a message are different Example- Doonesbury cartoon about smoking, just say "Cigarettes don't cause cancer" knowing the hazards of smoking but doing it anyway KNOCK EM OFF BALANCE, PROMISE RESTORATION FROM PRODUCT |
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Stimulus-Response Model |
Persuasion Theory- media sends a stimulus/message to an unresisting audience (War of the Worlds broadcast, success of propaganda in world wars) |
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Cognitive Balance (Balance Theories) |
Persuasion Theory- we are most comfortable when all our beliefs, actions, attitudes and relationships are in harmony ---- opposite of cognitive dissonance |
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What question do most ethical decisions come down to? |
To whom (or what) will I be loyal? |
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What are the four problems to loyalty as a single ethical guide? |
1. Loyalty can be bias or prejudice thinly cloaked 2. Few people have just one loyalty, ie. we need a way to distinguish btw. competing loyalties 3. In a mass society the concept of face-to-face loyalty has lost its power 4. Is it ethical to be loyal to an unethical cause? |
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4 Types of Loyalties For Those in Media |
1. Shared Humanity 2. Professional Practice 3. Employment 4. Media's Role in Public Life |
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The Potter Box |
1. Understanding Facts 2. Outlining values inherent in decision 3. Apply relevant philosophical principles 4. Articulating a loyalty |
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phrenemos |
person of practical wisdom, who understand virtues |
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What is human trafficking? |
Sex, Labor, Organ, Child Soldiers, Unsafe Migration |
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What percentage of victims are children in the U.S.? Women? |
Children- 50% Women- 80% |
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How many American girls are trafficked each year in the U.S.? |
200,000-300,00 |
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How big is the industry? |
$150 billion |
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Escort |
legal way to do illegal things |
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What is the TIP Report? |
The Trafficking in Persons Report, an annual report on the U.S. standing on human trafficking issues |
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What is sex trafficking? |
when someone uses force, fraud or coercion to cause a commercial sex act with an adult OR causes a minor to commit a commercial sex act |
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What is the business model of sex trafficking? |
Supply/Demand |
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How does Jon Stewart criticize Crossfire? |
He says they are hurting America, because they are "partisan hacks" who are part of politicians' strategies. They're doing theater, when they should be doing debate. When you have people on just for knee-jerk, reactionary talk |
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What was Group 1's Question? |
Do advertising and public relations have a responsibility to inform and protect society's most vulnerable citizens? For example, is there an ethical conflict between using slim, air-brushed models to sell products which could also help promote anorexia and bulimia? |
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Group 2's Question? |
What is truth, fairness? What are conflicts of interest- how can they be avoided? |
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Group 3's Question? |
Does digital photography help photos to lie? |
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One Sentence summary of The Roseta Mystery? |
Faith, family and culture trump diet, exercise and genes. |
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What is the Matthew Effect? |
Success is the result of "accumulative advantage" The rich get richer, the poor get poorer |
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One sentence summary of The Matthew Effect |
Success if often more about where and when you were born than individual pluck and grit |
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One sentence summary of 10,000 Hours |
10,000 hours trumps any amount of talent. Success is often more about birth, luck, fate and randomness than wit and smarts. |
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One sentence summary of Trouble with Geniuses, Part I |
Intelligence, like basketball height, is only useful to a point- it has a threshold. |
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practical intelligence |
being able to read a social situation and adjust your response accordingly and in a way that benefits you |
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concerted cultivation |
entitlement that comes from middle class parenting style |
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One sentence summary of Trouble With Geniuses, Part II |
Family background is often the key difference between geniuses that succeed and geniuses that fail. |
