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63 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Anterior
Near or toward the head
Posterior
Near or toward the tail
Rostral
Toward the front of the face
Caudal
Away from the front of the face
Dorsal
Toward the top of the head or the back
Ventral
Toward the bottom of the skull or the front surface of the body
Lateral
Toward the side of the body
Medial
Toward the neuraxis, away from the side
Central Nervous System
The brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
That part of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord including the nerves attached to the brain and spinal cord
CNS Protective Systems:
Blood Supply
Vertebral arteries – serve the posterior regions
Internal carotid arteries – serve the rostral and lateral regions of the brain
Meninges
Three layers of tissue that encase the central nervous system
Dura mater
Outermost layer, tough, flexible, unstretchable
Arachnoid membrane
Middle layer
Subarachnoid space
Filled with cerebrospinal fluid, which cushions the brain
Pia mater
Layer of the meninges closest to the surace of the brain
Cerebrospinal fluid
Clear fluid, similar to blood plasma that fills the ventricular system and the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain
Ventricles
Hollow spaces within the brain filled with cerebral spinal fluid (CFS)
Choroid plexus
Highly vascular tissue that protrudes into the ventricle and extracts fluid from the blood supply to produce CFS which is similar to blood plasma in composition
CFS is produced continuously, ½ of the volume of CFS in the ventricular system is replaced every three hours
Arachnoid granulations
Small projections of the arachnoid membrane that project through the dura mater into the superior sagittal sinus; CFS flows through them to be reabsorbed in to the blood supply
Superior sagittal sinus
A venous sinus located in the midline just dorsal to the brain, between the two cerebral hemispheres
Forebrain
Most rostral of the three major divisions (includes the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus and hypothalamus)
Midbrain
The central of the three divisions (includes the tectum and the tegmentum
Hindbrain
Most caudal of the three major divisions ( includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata)
Frontal lobe
Anterior portion of the cerebral cortex
Parietal lobe
Region of the cerebral cortex caudal to the frontal lobe and dorsal to the temporal lobe
Temporal lobe
Region of the cerebral cortex rostral to the occipital lobe and ventral to the parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Region of the cerebral cortex caudal to the parietal lobe and the temporal lobe
Lateral fissure
Fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the overlying frontal and parietal lobe
Central sulcus
Sulcus that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
Primary motor cortex
Rostral to the central sulcus
Primary somatosensory cortex
Caudal to the central sulcus
Primary auditory cortex
Ventral to the lateral fissure and medial to the temporal lobe
Primary visual cortex
In the caudal region of the occipital lobe
Motor association cortex
Rostral to the primary motor cortex
Somatosensory association cortex
Caudal to the primary somatosensory cortex
Auditory association cortex
On the dorsal half of the temporal lobe
Visual association cortex
On the ventral half of the temporal lobe and rostral to the primary visual cortex on the occipital lobe
The Limbic System
A set of interconnected brain structures originally believed to be involved in motivation and emotion
Hippocampus
Involved in relational learning (both spatial relations and memory associations)
Amygdala
Involved in the production and regulation of emotional responses
Fornix
Fiber bundle that connects the hippocampus with other parts of the brain
Basal ganglia
Involved in the control of movement
Thalmus
Most neural input to the cerebral cortex is received from the thalmus
Hypothalmus
Involved in the regulation of the autonomic nervous system and the pituitary glands
Anterior pituitary gland
Endocrine gland whose secretions are controlled by the hypothalmic hormones
Neurosecretory cell
A neuron that secretes a hormone or hormone like substance
Posterior pituitary gland
Endocrine gland that contains hormone secreting terminal buttons of axons whose cell bodies lie within the hypothalmus
Most of the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland control other endocrine glands located at various points through out the body. Because of this function the anterior pituitary gland has been called the body’s “master gland”.
Tectum
Dorsal part of the midbrain which includes the superior colliculi and the inferior colliculi
Superior colliculi
Protrusions on the top of the midbrain; part of the visual system
Inferior colliculi
Protrusions on the top of the midbrain; part of the auditory system
Tegmentum
The ventral part of the midbrain; includes the periaquaductal gray matter, reticular formation, red nucleus, and substantia nigra
Periaquaductal gray matter
Contains neural circuits involved in species specific behavior
Reticular formation
Large network of neural tissues located in the central region of the brain stem
Red nucleus
Receives input from the cerebellum and the motor cortex and send axons to motor neurons in the spinal cord
Substantia nigra
Another important component of the motor system containing neurons that communicate with the caudate nucleus and putamen in the basal ganglia
Cerebellum
Another important component in the motor system located dorsal to the pons … damage to the cerebellum causes impairments in standing, walking, or performance of coordinated movements
Pons
Rostral to the medula and ventral to the cerebellum it serves the function of relaying information from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum and is also involved in sleep and arousal
Medulla oblongata
The most caudal portion of the brain which controls vital functions such as regulation of the cardiovascular system, respiration, and skeletal muscle tonus
Spinal nerves
Begin at the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord and travel to the muscles or sensory receptors often following the branching of blood vessels
Afferent axon
Bring sensory information to the CNS
Efferent axons
Send signals that control muscles and glands
Cranial nerves
Leave the ventral surface of the brain and most control sensory and motor functions of the head and neck region
The tenth (Vagus nerve) is also called the wandering nerve and regulates the functions of organs in the thorasic and abdominal cavities