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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anterior
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Near or toward the head
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Posterior
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Near or toward the tail
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Rostral
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Toward the front of the face
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Caudal
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Away from the front of the face
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Dorsal
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Toward the top of the head or the back
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Ventral
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Toward the bottom of the skull or the front surface of the body
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Lateral
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Toward the side of the body
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Medial
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Toward the neuraxis, away from the side
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Central Nervous System
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The brain and spinal cord
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Peripheral Nervous System
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That part of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord including the nerves attached to the brain and spinal cord
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CNS Protective Systems:
Blood Supply |
Vertebral arteries – serve the posterior regions
Internal carotid arteries – serve the rostral and lateral regions of the brain |
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Meninges
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Three layers of tissue that encase the central nervous system
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Dura mater
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Outermost layer, tough, flexible, unstretchable
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Arachnoid membrane
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Middle layer
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Subarachnoid space
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Filled with cerebrospinal fluid, which cushions the brain
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Pia mater
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Layer of the meninges closest to the surace of the brain
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Cerebrospinal fluid
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Clear fluid, similar to blood plasma that fills the ventricular system and the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain
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Ventricles
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Hollow spaces within the brain filled with cerebral spinal fluid (CFS)
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Choroid plexus
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Highly vascular tissue that protrudes into the ventricle and extracts fluid from the blood supply to produce CFS which is similar to blood plasma in composition
CFS is produced continuously, ½ of the volume of CFS in the ventricular system is replaced every three hours |
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Arachnoid granulations
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Small projections of the arachnoid membrane that project through the dura mater into the superior sagittal sinus; CFS flows through them to be reabsorbed in to the blood supply
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Superior sagittal sinus
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A venous sinus located in the midline just dorsal to the brain, between the two cerebral hemispheres
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Forebrain
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Most rostral of the three major divisions (includes the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus and hypothalamus)
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Midbrain
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The central of the three divisions (includes the tectum and the tegmentum
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Hindbrain
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Most caudal of the three major divisions ( includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata)
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Frontal lobe
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Anterior portion of the cerebral cortex
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Parietal lobe
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Region of the cerebral cortex caudal to the frontal lobe and dorsal to the temporal lobe
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Temporal lobe
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Region of the cerebral cortex rostral to the occipital lobe and ventral to the parietal lobe
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Occipital lobe
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Region of the cerebral cortex caudal to the parietal lobe and the temporal lobe
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Lateral fissure
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Fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the overlying frontal and parietal lobe
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Central sulcus
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Sulcus that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
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Primary motor cortex
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Rostral to the central sulcus
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Primary somatosensory cortex
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Caudal to the central sulcus
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Primary auditory cortex
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Ventral to the lateral fissure and medial to the temporal lobe
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Primary visual cortex
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In the caudal region of the occipital lobe
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Motor association cortex
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Rostral to the primary motor cortex
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Somatosensory association cortex
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Caudal to the primary somatosensory cortex
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Auditory association cortex
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On the dorsal half of the temporal lobe
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Visual association cortex
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On the ventral half of the temporal lobe and rostral to the primary visual cortex on the occipital lobe
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The Limbic System
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A set of interconnected brain structures originally believed to be involved in motivation and emotion
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Hippocampus
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Involved in relational learning (both spatial relations and memory associations)
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Amygdala
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Involved in the production and regulation of emotional responses
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Fornix
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Fiber bundle that connects the hippocampus with other parts of the brain
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Basal ganglia
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Involved in the control of movement
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Thalmus
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Most neural input to the cerebral cortex is received from the thalmus
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Hypothalmus
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Involved in the regulation of the autonomic nervous system and the pituitary glands
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Anterior pituitary gland
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Endocrine gland whose secretions are controlled by the hypothalmic hormones
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Neurosecretory cell
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A neuron that secretes a hormone or hormone like substance
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Posterior pituitary gland
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Endocrine gland that contains hormone secreting terminal buttons of axons whose cell bodies lie within the hypothalmus
Most of the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland control other endocrine glands located at various points through out the body. Because of this function the anterior pituitary gland has been called the body’s “master gland”. |
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Tectum
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Dorsal part of the midbrain which includes the superior colliculi and the inferior colliculi
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Superior colliculi
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Protrusions on the top of the midbrain; part of the visual system
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Inferior colliculi
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Protrusions on the top of the midbrain; part of the auditory system
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Tegmentum
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The ventral part of the midbrain; includes the periaquaductal gray matter, reticular formation, red nucleus, and substantia nigra
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Periaquaductal gray matter
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Contains neural circuits involved in species specific behavior
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Reticular formation
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Large network of neural tissues located in the central region of the brain stem
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Red nucleus
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Receives input from the cerebellum and the motor cortex and send axons to motor neurons in the spinal cord
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Substantia nigra
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Another important component of the motor system containing neurons that communicate with the caudate nucleus and putamen in the basal ganglia
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Cerebellum
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Another important component in the motor system located dorsal to the pons … damage to the cerebellum causes impairments in standing, walking, or performance of coordinated movements
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Pons
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Rostral to the medula and ventral to the cerebellum it serves the function of relaying information from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum and is also involved in sleep and arousal
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Medulla oblongata
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The most caudal portion of the brain which controls vital functions such as regulation of the cardiovascular system, respiration, and skeletal muscle tonus
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Spinal nerves
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Begin at the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord and travel to the muscles or sensory receptors often following the branching of blood vessels
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Afferent axon
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Bring sensory information to the CNS
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Efferent axons
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Send signals that control muscles and glands
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Cranial nerves
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Leave the ventral surface of the brain and most control sensory and motor functions of the head and neck region
The tenth (Vagus nerve) is also called the wandering nerve and regulates the functions of organs in the thorasic and abdominal cavities |