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55 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Sensory Neuron
A neuron that detects changes in the external or internal environment and sends information about these changes to the central nervous system
Motor Neuron
A neuron located within the central nervous system that controls the contractions of a muscle or the secretions of a gland
Interneuron
A neuron located entirely within the central nervous system
Central Nervous System
The brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
That part of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord including the nerves attached to the brain and spinal cord
Basic Structure of a Multipolar Neuron
Soma
Dendrites
Axon
Terminal Buttons
Synapse
Soma
Contains the nucleus and much of the machinery that provides for the life processes of the cell
Dendrites
Serve as recipients of the messages that pass from cell to cell
Axon
Carries information from the cell body to the terminal buttons
Terminal Buttons
The bud at the end of a branch of an axon
Synapse
The junction between the terminal button of an axon and the membrane of another neuron
Bipolar Neuron
A neuron with one axon and one dendrite attached to its soma
Unipolar Neuron
A neuron with one axon attached to its soma; the axon divides, with one branch receiving sensory information and the other sending the information into the central nervous system
Membrane
Lipid molecules that define the outer boundaries of a cell
Nucleus
Structure in the central region of a cell that contains the nucleolus and chromosomes
Nucleolus
Produces ribosomes
Ribosomes
Cytoplasmic structure that serves as the site for production of protiens translated from mRNA
Chromosome
A strand of DNA that carries genetic information
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
A complex molecule consisting of two interconnected helical strands
Gene
Functional unit of the chromosome, which directs the synthesis of one or more protiens
Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)
A macromolecule that delivers genetic information concerning the synthesis of protiens
Enzyme
A molecule that controls a chemical reaction, combining two substances or breaking two substances into two parts
Cytoplasm
The viscous, semiliquid substance contained in the interior of a cell
Mitochondria
Organelles that are responsible for extracting energy from nutrients
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
A molecule of prime importance to cellular energy metabolism; its breakdown liberates energy
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Parallel layers of membrane within the cytoplasm involved in production of protiens and synthesis of lipids
Golgi apparatus
A complex of parallel membranes in the cytoplasm that wraps the products of a secretory cell
Microtubule
A long strand of bundles of protien filaments arranged around a hollow core and involved in transporting substances
Overview of Neural Communication
Sensory neurons detect stimuli (I.e. pain)
When dendrites are stimulated by a noxious stimulus
A message is sent down the axon to the terminal buttons located in the spinal cord
The terminal button releases a neurotransmitter that excites the interneuron
The interneuron sends a message down its axon
Its terminal button releases a neurotransmitter that excites the motor neuron
The motor neuron sends a message down its axon
The release of these neurotransmitters cause a muscle cell to contract
The process can be counteracted by inhibition supplied from another source - in this case, the brain
Glia
The supporting cells of the central nervous system
Astrocyte
A glial cell that provides support for neurons of the central nervous system, provides nutrients and other substances, and regulates the chemical composition of the extracellular fluid
Oligodendracyte
A type of glial cell in the central nervous system that forms myelin sheaths
Myelin sheath
A sheath that surrounds axons and insulates them, preventing messages from spreading between adjacent axons
Schwann cell
A cell in the peripheral nervous system that is wrapped around a myelinated axon, providing one segment of its myelin sheath
Blood-Brain Barrier
A semi-permeable barrier between the blood and the brain
Communication within Neurons involves:
Neurotransmitters triggering an action potential at the dendrites or cell body
Sending the action potential down the axon to the terminal button
Consists of a series of alterations in the membrane of the axon that permit various chemicals to move between the interior of the axon and the fluid surrounding it. These exchanges produce electrical currents
Using the electrical signals to inform the terminal button to release neurotransmitters
Ion Transport
Resting potential
The membrane potential of a neuron when it is not being altered by excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
Depolarization
Reduction toward zero of the menbrane potential from its normal resting potential
Hyperpolarization
An increase in the membrane potential of a cell
Action potential
The brief electrical impulse that provides the basis for conduction of information along an axon
Threshold of excitation
The value of the membrane potential that must be reached in order to produce an action potential; Membrane potential balances two forces; the force of electrostatic pressure and the force of diffusion
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration
Electrostatic pressure
The attractive forces between atomic particles charged with opposite signs, or the repulsive forces between atomic particles charged with the same sign
Concept of chemical transmission
Chemicals are used to transmit information between cells.
These chemicals include transmitter substances, neural modulators, and hormones.
Transmitter substances are released by terminal buttons of neurons and are detected by receptors in the membrane of another cell located a very short distance away.
Neural modulators operate in a similar manner but are secreted in larger amounts and diffused over longer distances
Hormones are produced in cells located in the endocrine glands
Cells that contain receptors for particular hormone are referred to as target cells
These chemicals attache to a particular region of the receptor molecules called a binding sight.
Structure of Synapses
Presynaptic membrane
Postsynaptic membrane
Synaptic cleft
Synaptic vesicle
Presynaptic membrane
The membrane of a terminal button that lies adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane (sends the message)
Postsynaptic membrane
The cell membrane opsite the terminal button in a synapse (receives the message)
Synaptic cleft
The space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes
Synaptic vesicle
A small hollow, beadlike structure found in terminal buttons which contains molecules of a neurotransmitter
Activation of Receptors
Transmitters substances produced a depolarization or hyperpolarization in the post synaptic membrane by defusing across the synaptic cleft and attaching to the binding sites of special protein molecules called post synaptic receptors
Once binding occurs the post synaptic receptors open neurotransmitter-dependent ion channels which permit passage of specific ions into or out of the cell
Terminating the postsynaptic potential
Reuptake, Enzymatic deactivation, Acetylcholine, Acetylcholinesterase
Reuptake
The re-entry of a neurotransmitter substance liberated by a terminal button back through its membrane
Enzymatic deactivation
The destruction of a transmitter substance by an enzyme after release
Acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter responsible for muscular contraction
Acetylcholinesterase
The enzyme that destroys acetylcholine