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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Alternate versions of the same gene, produced by mutations.
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allele
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Stage of mitosis during which microtubules contract and separate sister chromatids.
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anaphase
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Phenomenon that holds normal cells in place. Cancer cells can lose anchorage dependence and migrate into other tissues or metastasize.
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anchorage dependence
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Formation of new blood vessels.
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angiogenesis
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Feature of the DNA double helix such that the two strands run in opposite directions, with the nucleotides “facing up” on one side of the helix and “facing down” on the other side.
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antiparallel
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Nonsex chromosomes. There are 22 pairs in humans.
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autosomes or autosomal chromosomes
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Describes a tumor that stays in one place and does not affect surrounding tissues.
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benign
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Surgical removal of some cells, tissue, or fluid to assay for cancer.
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biopsy
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A disease that occurs when cell division escapes regulatory controls.
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cancer
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Substance that causes cancer or increases the likelihood of its development.
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carcinogen
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Process a cell undergoes when it makes copies of itself. Production of daughter cells from an original parent cell.
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cell division
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A structure in animal cells that helps anchor microtubules during cell division.
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centriole
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Region of a chromosome where sister chromatids are attached and to which microtubules bind.
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centromere
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Using chemicals to try to kill rapidly dividing (cancerous) cells.
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chemotherapy
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The cross-over points where non sister chromatids break to effect genetic recombination during chromosomal crossover.
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chiasmata (sing: chiasma)
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All of the chromosomal material in the nucleus of a cell. It stains darkly and makes the nucleus darker than the rest of the cell as viewed in a light microscope.
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chromatin
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Subcellular structure composed of a long single molecule of DNA and associated proteins, housed inside the nucleus.
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chromosome
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The haploid number of chromosomes for a given species. All members of the species have this number of chromosomes.
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chromosome number (n)
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Property of cells that prevents them from invading surrounding tissues. Cancer cells may lose this property.
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contact inhibition
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Exchange of some of their portions between members of a homologous pair of chromosomes.
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crossing over or chromosomal crossover
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Part of the cell cycle during which two daughter cells are formed by the cytoplasm splitting.
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cytokinesis
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Containing homologous pairs of chromosomes.
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diploid or (2n)
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Molecule of heredity that stores the information required for making all of the proteins required by the cell.
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
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The enzyme that separates the two DNA strands in preparation for replicating the molecule of DNA.
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DNA helicase
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An enzyme which connects Okazaki fragments during DNA replication and mends splices during proofreading of newly replicated DNA.
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DNA ligase
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Enzyme that catalyzes phosphodiester bond formation during DNA synthesis.
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DNA polymerase
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The synthesis of two daughter DNA molecules from one original parent molecule. Takes place during the S phase of interphase.
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DNA replication
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The most survivable and therefore most common autosomal trisomy condition.
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Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
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Specialized sex cells (sperm and egg in humans) that contain half as many chromosomes as other body cells.
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gamete
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A discrete unit of heritable information about biological traits. Consists of a sequence of DNA that codes for a specific polypeptide.
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gene
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Diploid, somatic cells that are specialized to produce haploid gametes via meiosis.
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germ cells
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Protein that stimulates cell division.
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growth factor
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Describes cells containing only one member of each homologous pair of chromosomes (n); in humans, these cells are eggs and sperm.
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haploid or (n)
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Set of two chromosomes of the same size and shape with centromeres in the same position. Homologous pairs of chromosomes carry the same genes in the same locations but may carry different alleles.
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homologous pair
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Property of cancer cells that allows them to divide more times than normal cells.
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immortal
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Part of the cell cycle when a cell is preparing for division and the DNA is duplicated. Consists of G1, S, and G2.
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interphase
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Picture of the chromosomes of a cell, with chromosomes arranged in homologous pairs and according to size.
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karyotype
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The protein structure which assembles on the centromere of chromatid and attaches the chromosomes to the mitotic spindle.
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kinetochore
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A thin tubular instrument inserted through an abdominal incision and used to view organs in the pelvic cavity and abdomen.
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laparoscope
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Genes located on the same chromosome.
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linked genes
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A specific location along a chromosome.
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locus (plural loci)
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Describes a tumor that is cancerous, whether it is invasive or metastatic.
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malignant
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Process that sex cells undergo in order to produce gametes.
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meiosis
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Stage of mitosis during which duplicated chromosomes align across the middle of the cell.
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metaphase
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When cells from a tumor break away and start new cancers at distant locations.
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metastasis
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Protein structure that moves chromosomes around during mitosis and meiosis.
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microtubule
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The division of the nucleus that helps produce daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell.
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mitosis
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An error in meiosis where a tetrad does not separate, resulting in both chromosomes of a homologous pair being distributed to one daughter cell during meiosis I. The other daughter cell receives neither of the chromosomes for that pair. Leads to trisomy and monosomy conditions in a zygote formed by fusion of a gamete from a nondisjunction event with a normal gamete.
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nondisjunction
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The double membrane enclosing the nucleus in eukaryotes.
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nuclear envelope
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Discontinuous segments of DNA formed on the lagging strand during DNA replication.
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Okazaki fragments
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Proto-oncogenes that have become mutated and are capable of causing cancer.
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oncogenes
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Stage of mitosis during which duplicated chromosomes condense.
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prophase
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Genes that encode the proteins regulating the cell cycle. These are normal genes located on many different chromosomes that enable organisms to regulate cell division.
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proto-oncogenes
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Treatment to kill the dividing cells of a tumor by focusing beams of reactive particles on it.
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radiation therapy
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When members of a homologous pair line up randomly with respect to maternal or paternal origin. Occurs during metaphase I of meiosis and increases the genetic diversity of offspring.
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random alignment or independent assortment
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The period during which the symptoms of a disease subside.
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remission
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Any exposure or behavior that increases the likelihood of disease.
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risk factor
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A type of molecular replication, seen in DNA, where the daughter molecules consist of one strand of the parental DNA molecule and one strand newly synthesized from free nucleotides.
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semi-conservative replication
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Either of the sex-determining chromosomes (X and Y).
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sex chromosome
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Either of the two duplicated, identical copies of a chromosome formed after DNA synthesis.
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sister chromatid
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The body cells in an organism. Any cell that is not a gamete.
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somatic cell
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The phenomenon where two homologous chromosomes are held together in a tetrad during prophase I of meiosis.
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synapsis
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An enzyme that helps prevent the degradation of the tips of chromosomes, active during development and sometimes reactivated during cancer.
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telomerase
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Stage of cell division during which the nuclear envelope forms around the newly produced daughter nucleus, and chromosomes decondense.
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telophase
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A structure consisting of two paired and duplicated homologous chromosomes which are joined together. The proximity of non sister chromatids facilitiates chromosomal crossover.
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tetrad
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Mass of tissue that has no apparent function in the body.
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tumor
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Genes that carry the instructions for producing proteins that can detect and repair damage to the DNA.
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tumor suppressors
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Single cell resulting from the fusion of gametes (egg and sperm).
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zygote
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