Terms For Lecture 08 Human Biology

Front 1

A system for categorizing human blood based on the presence or absence of specific carbohydrates on the surface of red blood cells.

Back 1

ABO system

Front 2

Clumping of cells, in particular the reaction that occurs when blood cells clump together in a transfusion reaction after incompatible blood types are mixed.

Back 2

agglutination

Front 3

A soluble plasma protein made by the liver which is responsible for keeping water balance within the body. A major contributor to the osmotic pressure of the blood.

Back 3

albumin

Front 4

Illness in which oxygen delivery to cells is too low; may result from deficiencies of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or blood volume.

Back 4

anemia

Front 5

A protein made by the immune system in response to the presence of foreign substances or antigens. Can serve as a receptor on a B cell or be secreted by plasma cells.

Back 5

antibody

Front 6

A molecule that is foreign to the host and stimulates the immune system to react. The name is short for “antibody-generating substances”.

Back 6

antigen

Front 7

The type of white blood cell responsible for antibody-mediated immunity.

Back 7

B lymphocyte or B cell

Front 8

A leukocyte (white blood cell) that is involved in the nonspecific immune response and releases histamine. The least common of the 5 major types of leukocytes.

Back 8

basophil

Front 9

A fluid connective tissue that flows through blood vessels in the cardiovascular system; made up of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Back 9

blood

Front 10

A mass of fibrin (an insoluble protein) and dead blood cells that forms in the region of blood vessel damage.

Back 10

blood clot

Front 11

The transfer of blood or blood components from one person to the bloodstream of another.

Back 11

blood transfusion

Front 12

Refers to the presence or absence of particular antigens on the surface of red blood cells that differ among individuals. Typically associated with the ABO or Rh blood group system.

Back 12

blood type

Front 13

The inclusive name for the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems considered together. The system which transports nutrients and waste around the body.

Back 13

circulatory system

Front 14

A protein on the surface of red blood cells in some individuals which is used by the malaria parasite to infect the cells.

Back 14

Duffy antigen

Front 15

A blood vessel obstruction, typically a clot, that has traveled from elsewhere in the cardiovascular system. A clot that is not attached to a vessel wall.

Back 15

embolism

Front 16

A relatively uncommon type of white blood cell that helps the body respond to allergy and asthma.

Back 16

eosinophil

Front 17

Red blood cell.

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erythrocyte

Front 18

A hormone produced by the kidney in low blood oxygen conditions which acts on cells of the red bone marrow to promote production of red blood cells.

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erythropoietin

Front 19

An insoluble protein produced during the process of blood clotting that forms a net to trap and block blood flow from a damaged blood vessel.

Back 19

fibrin

Front 20

A soluble protein that circulates in the bloodstream and is converted to the clot-forming fibrin at the end of a clotting cascade.

Back 20

fibrinogen

Front 21

Cells or cell fragments in blood. Includes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Back 21

formed elements

Front 22

Any one of a number of proteins in the blood, many of which function in immunity.

Back 22

globulin

Front 23

An iron-containing protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells.

Back 23

hemoglobin

Front 24

One of several rare genetic disorders that prevent normal blood clotting. Most types are caused by a disorder involving a sex-linked recessive gene and therefore occur more commonly in males.

Back 24

hemophilia

Front 25

Blood loss.

Back 25

hemorrhage

Front 26

A physiological state in which the physical and chemical conditions of the internal environment are maintained within tolerable ranges. Maintenance of a reasonably constant or steady-state internal environment.

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homeostasis

Front 27

A method to produce immunity; typically by vaccination.

Back 27

immunization

Front 28

Yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes caused by a buildup of bilirubin in the blood. Often indicates liver dysfunction.

Back 28

jaundice

Front 29

White blood cell. There are five major types. all of which function in the immune system.

Back 29

leukocyte

Front 30

White blood cells that are an important component of the immune system. Two major subtypes are B cells and T cells.

Back 30

lymphocyte

Front 31

Phagocytic white blood cell that swells and releases toxins to kill bacteria.

Back 31

macrophage

Front 32

An infectious disease caused by a protozoan transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected female mosquito.

Back 32

malaria

Front 33

A large cell found in the bone marrow that produces platelets, which are then released into the bloodstream.

Back 33

megakaryocyte

Front 34

A large circulating phagocytic white blood cell.

Back 34

monocyte

Front 35

The most common type of white blood cell. It is phagocytic.

Back 35

neutrophil

Front 36

An organism that benefits from an association with another organism. The second organism is harmed by the association.

Back 36

parasite

Front 37

The liquid portion of blood.

Back 37

plasma

Front 38

A formed element of the blood; made from fragments of a megakaryocyte. Can secrete various signal molecules and carries constituents required for the clotting response.

Back 38

platelet

Front 39

Surface molecule (antigen) found on some red blood cells. A major blood type antigen, separate from the ABO system, which is indicated in blood type by a + or – appended to the ABO type.

Back 39

Rh factor

Front 40

Blood plasma minus clotting factors.

Back 40

serum

Front 41

Collapse of circulatory function, often caused by a dramatic decline in blood pressure.

Back 41

shock

Front 42

A hereditary disorder in which deformation of hemoglobin molecules causes loss of red blood cells under conditions of stress or physical activity. The underlying mutation affects only one nucleotide position in the gene coding for hemoglobin.

Back 42

sickle-cell anemia

Front 43

Cell that can divide indefinitely and can differentiate into other cell types.

Back 43

stem cell

Front 44

Immune system cell that matures in the thymus gland and recognizes and responds to body cells that have gone awry, such as cancer cells or cells invaded by viruses, as well as transplanted tissues and organisms such as fungi and parasitic worms. Provides an immune response called cell-mediated immunity.

Back 44

T lymphocyte or T cell

Front 45

A molecule in the clotting cascade that helps to trigger the formation of fibrin.

Back 45

thrombin

Front 46

A blood clot that forms in a vessel and does not travel through the bloodstream. A blood clot that remains adhered to the vessel walls.

Back 46

thrombosis