Terms For Lecture 06 Human Biology

Front 1

(joint movements)
Movement of a body part away from the midline.

Back 1

abduction

Front 2

The cup-shaped socket of the pelvis (hip bone) into which the head of the femur fits.

Back 2

acetabulum

Front 3

A protein found in muscle tissue that, together with myosin, facilitates contraction. It consists of small globular proteins arranged in two twisted strands, resembling a double strand of pearls.

Back 3

actin

Front 4

(joint movements)
Movement of a body part toward the midline.

Back 4

adduction

Front 5

A set of muscles whose actions oppose each other.

Back 5

antagonistic muscle pair

Front 6

The part of the skeleton composed of the bones of the hip, shoulder, and limbs (arms and legs).

Back 6

appendicular skeleton

Front 7

The part of the skeleton composed of the bones of the skull, spine (vertebral column), and rib cage. Supports the trunk of the body and the head.

Back 7

axial skeleton

Front 8

(joint classification)
One side of the joint has a prominent rounded surface and the other has a depression into which the rounded surface fits; allows movement in all directions. Examples: hip joint, shoulder joint.

Back 8

ball-and-socket joint

Front 9

A hormone, produced by the thyroid gland, that helps to maintain calcium homeostasis by lowering blood calcium.

Back 9

calcitonin

Front 10

(bone name)
Any of the eight bones of the wrist.

Back 10

carpal bone

Front 11

An immature cartilage-producing cell. Secretes cartilage matrix; when it becomes embedded in the matrix it is called a chondrocyte.

Back 11

chondroblast

Front 12

(joint movements)
Movement of a body part is a wide circle, describing a cone with the apex of the cone at the end of the movement tracing a circle.

Back 12

circumduction

Front 13

(bone name)
One of the two collarbones. Part of the pectoral girdle, cts as a brace to support the arm in its lateral position.

Back 13

clavicle

Front 14

One of the two major structural types of bone. The bone tissue is tightly packed, forming cylindrical structures called osteons. Forms the hard outer shell of bones and the diaphyses of long bones.

Back 14

compact bone or cortical bone

Front 15

(bone name)
Collectively, the eight bones that make up the housing for the brain. The brain-enclosing part of the skull.

Back 15

cranium

Front 16

An organic molecule (other than ATP) which serves as a ready reserve of high-energy phosphate bonds in muscle when production of ATP cannot keep pace with the demands of active contraction.

Back 16

creatine phosphate

Front 17

The deeper layer of skin, constructed of dense irregular connective tissue, areolar tissue, blood vessels, sweat glands, hair follicles, and nerves. It serves to support the overlying epithelial tissue.

Back 17

dermis

Front 18

The shaft of a long bone.

Back 18

diaphysis

Front 19

The outer, nonvascular layer of skin, consisting of layers of epithelial keratin-producing cells (stratified squamous epithelium) and specialized cells such as melanocytes.

Back 19

epidermis

Front 20

A cartilage layer between the epiphyses (ends) and diaphysis (shaft) of an immature long bone. It is the site of longitudinal growth and fuses during adolescence, leaving a line across the adult bone to mark its previous location. Also known as the growth plate.

Back 20

epiphyseal plate

Front 21

Either of the ends of a long bone.

Back 21

epiphysis

Front 22

(bone name)
Located between the eye sockets, this bone of the cranium is one of four which have paranasal sinuses and forms part of the nasal septum.

Back 22

ethmoid bone

Front 23

(joint movements)
Movement of a body part so that the joint angle is increased, or so that the body part moves in a posterior direction.

Back 23

extension

Front 24

Connective tissue that supports and binds together organs. It may be areolar (loose) connective tissue or fibrous (dense) connective tissue.

Back 24

fascia

Front 25

A bundle of muscle fibers in a muscle or axons of neurons in a nerve.

Back 25

fascicle

Front 26

(bone name)
The single bone of the thigh, which extends from the pelvis to the knee. The largest, longest and heaviest bone in the body.

Back 26

femur

Front 27

(bone name)
The thinner, lateral (outer) bone of the leg, which extends from the knee to the ankle. Non-weight-bearing, but serves as an attachment point for muscles.

Back 27

fibula

Front 28

(joint movements)
Movement of a body part so that the joint angle is decreased, or so that the body part moves in an anterior direction.

Back 28

flexion

Front 29

(bone name)
The cranial bone that forms the upper front part of the skull case and the forehead.

Back 29

frontal bone

Front 30

The hollow head of the scapula into which the head of the humerus fits to form the shoulder joint.

Back 30

glenoid cavity

Front 31

A cartilage layer between the epiphyses (ends) and diaphysis (shaft) of an immature long bone. It is the site of longitudinal growth and fuses during adolescence, leaving a line across the adult bone to mark its previous location. Also known as the epiphysial plate.

Back 31

growth plate

Front 32

A covering for parts of the body. A keratinized protein filament that originates in the dermis and grows through the epidermis to emerge from the surface of the skin.

Back 32

hair

Front 33

(joint classification)
The joint moves in one plane of motion, similar to opening and closing a door or pair of scissors. Examples: elbow joint, knee joint.

Back 33

hinge joint

Front 34

(bone name)
The single long bone of the arm, which extends from the shoulder to the elbow.

Back 34

humerus

Front 35

(bone name)
A U-shaped bone that supports the base of the tongue. It is the only bone of the human body that does not form a joint with any other bone.

Back 35

hyoid bone

Front 36

The connective tissue layer underlying the cutaneous membrane, below the dermis. Consists mainly of areolar (loose) connective tissue and adipose (fat-storing) tissue.

Back 36

hypodermis or subcutaneous layer

Front 37

(bone name)
One of the three paired bones that make up the hip bone. The flared, upper part of the hip which can be felt as the front points of your hip.

Back 37

ilium

Front 38

The muscle attachment to the bone moved by the muscle’s contraction.

Back 38

insertion

Front 39

Another name for the skin or cutaneous membrane.

Back 39

integumentary system or integument

Front 40

One of the flat pads of fibrocartilage between all of the vertebrae except the first two, which serve as a cushion between the vertebrae.

Back 40

intervertebral disk

Front 41

(bone name)
One of the three paired bones that make up the hip bone. The bone which forms the lower and back part of the hip bone and is the part of the pelvis on which you sit.

Back 41

ischium

Front 42

One of the small cavities in bone that house osteocytes, or the small cavities in cartilage that house chondrocytes.

Back 42

lacuna (plural: lacunae)

Front 43

(bone name)
The lower jaw.

Back 43

mandible

Front 44

(bone name)
The upper jaw. Consists of paired left and right bones.

Back 44

maxilla (plural: maxillae)

Front 45

The hollow center cavity of the shaft (diaphysis) of a long bone. Contains yellow bone marrow.

Back 45

medullary cavity

Front 46

A pigment-producing epidermal cell which produces melanin, a pigment that provides yellow-to-black tones to the skin.

Back 46

melanocyte

Front 47

(bone name)
One of the five bones of the hand that form the support structure of the palm; five bones between the wrist (carpal bones) and fingers (phalanges).

Back 47

metacarpal

Front 48

(bone name)
One of the five bones of the foot between the ankle (tarsal bones) and toes (phalanges). Form the support structure for the foot, excluding the heel.

Back 48

metatarsal

Front 49

A neuron that carries information outward from the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) to effectors such as muscles and glands.

Back 49

motor neuron

Front 50

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers which it innervates.

Back 50

motor unit

Front 51

Another name for a muscle cell. A single cell that aligns in parallel bundles to form muscles.

Back 51

muscle fiber

Front 52

The organelle in muscle fibers (cells) responsible for contraction. It is composed of thin filaments of actin and thick filaments of myosin.

Back 52

myofibril

Front 53

A type of protein that, along with actin, enables muscle cells to contract. Each molecule looks something like two golf clubs with their shafts twisted together.

Back 53

myosin

Front 54

A structure of compacted, plate-like epidermal tissue which protects the upper surface of the ends of fingers and toes.

Back 54

nail

Front 55

(bone name)
A small paired (left and right) facial bone that forms the bridge of the nose.

Back 55

nasal bone

Front 56

The connection between a motor neuron and the muscle cell which it innervates. Consists of the axon terminal of the motor neuron, the motor end plate of the muscle cell, and the synaptic cleft (space) between these two structures.

Back 56

neuromuscular junction

Front 57

(bone name)
One of the cranial bones. It is a saucer-shaped bone that forms the lower back of the skull case.

Back 57

occipital bone

Front 58

The muscle attachment to the bone which stays stationary during the muscle’s contraction.

Back 58

origin

Front 59

Bone-forming cell responsible for the deposition of collagen.

Back 59

osteoblast

Front 60

Bone-reabsorbing cell that liberates calcium.

Back 60

osteoclast

Front 61

The most abundant cell found in bone, this is a star-shaped mature bone cell that is located inside a lacuna and helps maintain the bone matrix.

Back 61

osteocyte

Front 62

A hormone, produced by the parathyroid glands, that helps to maintain calcium and phosphorus homeostasis by raising blood calcium.

Back 62

parathyroid hormone

Front 63

(bone name)
One of the cranial bones. It is a large, flat, slightly cupped bone that forms the upper sides and top of the skull case.

Back 63

parietal bone

Front 64

(bone name)
The kneecap. The moveable bone at the front of the knee.

Back 64

patella

Front 65

The partial bony arch that supports the arms and attaches them to the axial skeleton. Includes the clavicles (collarbones) and scapulas.

Back 65

pectoral girdle

Front 66

The bony arch formed by the ilium, ischium, and pubic bones, attached to the sacrum of the spine.

Back 66

pelvic girdle

Front 67

The dense fibrous membrane covering the external surface of bones.

Back 67

periosteum

Front 68

(bone name)
One of the small bones of the hand and foot that form the fingers and toes. There are two in the thumb and great toe and three in all other digits.

Back 68

phalanx (plural: phalanges)

Front 69

(joint classification)
The joint is constructed in such a way that the body part can rotate about its long axis. Examples: joint between 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae (atlantoaxial joint) and joints between the two bones of the forearm (radioulnar joints).

Back 69

pivot joint

Front 70

(bone name)
One of the three paired bones that make up the hip bone. Forms the anterior part of the pelvis.

Back 70

pubis

Front 71

(bone name)
The shorter and thicker of the long bones of the forearm, it forms joints with the wrist bones on the thumb side.

Back 71

radius

Front 72

Tissue inside large bones containing blood stem cells. In long bones, it is concentrated in the ends or epiphyses of the bones.

Back 72

red bone marrow

Front 73

(bone name)
Any of the 12 pairs of curved arches of flat bone extending from the spine toward the sternum in humans

Back 73

rib

Front 74

The enclosure formed by the ribs, scapula and thoracic vertebrae.

Back 74

rib cage

Front 75

(joint movements)
Movement of a body part around its long axis.

Back 75

rotation

Front 76

The plasma membrane of a striated muscle fiber (cell).

Back 76

sarcolemma

Front 77

Any of the repeating units in a myofibril of striated muscle, extending from one Z disc to the next. The functional unit of a muscle fiber (cell).

Back 77

sarcomere

Front 78

The cytoplasm of a striated muscle fiber (cell).

Back 78

sarcoplasm

Front 79

The endoplasmic reticulum of a striated muscle fiber (cell). It serves as a reservoir of calcium ions.

Back 79

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 80

(bone name)
One of the two (left and right) large flat bones of the shoulder; a shoulder blade.

Back 80

scapula

Front 81

A gland associated with hair follicles in the dermis of the skin. Secretes a thick oily substance.

Back 81

sebaceous gland

Front 82

An air-filled cavity or recess in a bone. The most common reference is to air-filled cavities in certain skull bones which have connections to the nasal cavity.

Back 82

sinus

Front 83

The bony structure of the head. Consists of eight cranial bones and fourteen facial bones.

Back 83

skull

Front 84

The model for muscle fiber (cell) contraction that says muscles contract when actin filaments slide across myosin filaments, shortening the sarcomere.

Back 84

sliding filament model

Front 85

(bone name)
A cranial bone which helps form the base of the anterior skull case and which is one of four bones with paranasal sinuses. It forms the back of the eye sockets and looks something like a bat or a butterfly. Called the keystone bone of the cranium because it forms joints with all other cranial bones.

Back 85

sphenoid bone

Front 86

One of the two major structural types of bone. The bone tissue is loosely packed, forming a porous, honeycomb-like structure. Forms the inner layer of flat bones and fills the ends (epiphyses) of long bones.

Back 86

spongy bone, cancellous bone, or trabecular bone

Front 87

(bone name)
The breastbone. The median flat bone of the chest to which the true ribs attach via costal cartilage.

Back 87

sternum

Front 88

The connective tissue layer underlying the cutaneous membrane, below the dermis. Consists mainly of areolar (loose) connective tissue and adipose (fat-storing) tissue.

Back 88

subcutaneous layer or hypdermis

Front 89

A tubular gland of the skin that secretes perspiration through pores. Abundant in hairless areas.

Back 89

sweat gland

Front 90

(joint classification)
The most common type of joint in the body, in which the bones are separated by a fluid-filled cavity.

Back 90

synovial joint

Front 91

A tubule formed by invagination of the sarcolemma that carries the excitatory impulse into the muscle fiber and to the myofibrils in a striated muscle.

Back 91

T-tubule

Front 92

(bone name)
Any of the seven bones that make up the ankle.

Back 92

tarsal bone

Front 93

(bone name)
One of the paired bones of the cranium. This bone helps form the sides and the base of the brain case and encloses the middle and inner ear.

Back 93

temporal bone

Front 94

(bone name)
The larger, weight-bearing bone of the leg, also called the shin bone.

Back 94

tibia

Front 95

A regulatory protein of skeletal muscle myofibrils which overlays the myosin binding sites on actin at rest, but which moves away from the binding sites after calcium binds to troponin, thus exposing the binding sites and allowing contraction to occur.

Back 95

tropomyosin

Front 96

A regulatory protein of skeletal muscle myofibrils which is attached to tropomyosin. Calcium binds to this protein, initiating a sequence of events that leads to contraction.

Back 96

troponin

Front 97

(bone name)
One of the long bones of the forearm, it forms the point of the elbow and forms joints with the wrist bones on the little finger side (opposite the thumb).

Back 97

ulna

Front 98

(bone name)
One of the bones of the spinal column through which the spinal cord passes.

Back 98

vertebra (plural: vertebrae)

Front 99

Also called the spine, the series of vertebrae and cartilaginous disks extending from the brain to the pelvis. Encloses and protects the spinal cord and supports the weight of the upper body.

Back 99

vertebral column

Front 100

The fat-rich bone marrow which fills the hollow interior of the shaft (diaphysis) of long bones.

Back 100

yellow bone marrow

Front 101

The borders of sarcomeres in striated muscle. An anchoring point for actin.

Back 101

Z disc

Front 102

(bone name)
One of the paired (left and right) facial bones that form the cheekbones.

Back 102

zygomatic bone.