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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Central tendency (3 measures?)
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Typical value, represents each group's performance [3 measures = mean, median, mode]
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Measures of variability
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Range, standard deviation
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Standard deviation
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Measures the average difference between each score and the mean of the data set
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Percentile score
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indicates the percentage of people or observations taht fall below a given score in a normal distribution
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Standard scores
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scores expressed in terms of their distance in standard deviations from the mean
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Inferential statistics
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set of procedures that provides a measure of how likely it is that research results came about by chance
quantify the probability that conducting the same experiment again would yield similar results |
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Descriptive statistics
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numbers that summarize a set of data
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normal distribution
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most scores fall in the middle of the range, with fewer and fweer scores occurring as one moves towards the extremes
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Socrates
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"psyche"
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Aristotle
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3 souls:
Plant (nutrition) Animal (innate desires) Human (ability to fight desires/seat of reason) Struggle between desire & reason Wrote 1st book on psychology: Parapsyche |
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Descartes
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"rationalist"
senses = unreliable dualism = mind & |
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Dualism
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Mind & body are separate but interconnected (by the pineal gland)
Pineal gland = seat of soul |
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Aristotle's 3 souls:
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Plant (responds to nutrition)
Animal (seat of innate desires) Human (ability to fight desires, seat of reason) |
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Empiricists who/what
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Who: Locke, Berkeley, Hume
Learning through observation Marked the beginning of modern psychology Knowledge is gathered through experience, observation We are born as blank slates, tabla rusa Reason = unreliable, inadequate |
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Stucturalists (who/what)
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Wundt, Titchener, Ebbinghaus
Liked to collect specific, numeric data Interested in measuring people's vision Goal: dissection of consciousness methods: experiments, introspection Application: "pure scientific research" Started experimental psychology Psychophysics Started sensation & perception work |
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Gestalt Psychologists
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Wertheimer, Koffka, kohler
Studied consciousness as unified whole Humanism Methods: observation of sensory/perceptual phenomena Applications: understanding of visual illusions, laid some groundwork for humanistic & cognitive psychology |
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Humanism
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Belief that we're all essentially good, have the potential to be great
Humans' goal = reach that potential |
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Psychoanalysis
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Freud
Methods: free association under guidance of an analysis, clinical insight Applications: development of psychotherapy; emphasis on childhood as important in later personality Focus: unconscious, past conflicts pushed out of awareness, repression |
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Functionalists
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William James
naturalistic observation of human & animal behavior Consciousness as a whole "stream of consciousness" How is consciousness adaptive? Pragmatic "structuralism is dead" first to study individual differences William James wanted to understand how images, sensations, memories, and the other mental events that make up our flowing "stream of consciousness" function to help us adapt to our environment |
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Behaviorists
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Watson, Skinner
Skinner: Operant conditioning Didn't care about mental events or consciousness Believed consciousness & the mind were inaccessible to anyone but the self Only observable behavior is worth studying Knowledge = learning from rewards & punishments Inspiration for behavior modification theory |
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Ecological Approach-evolutionary psychology
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Behavior = reflection of evolution through natural selection
Emphasizes the ways in which behavior & mental processes are adaptive for survival |
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Cognitive
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Arising from behaviorist model
Processing, storage, retrieval of information Lots of mathematical models |
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Biophysical Approach (neuro)
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Nervous system, hormones, genetics
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Behavioral approach
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Behavior as a result of learning
Rewards/punishments |
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Psychodynamic Approach
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Unconscious struggle between our urges & society's rules
Out of psychoanalysis & humanism emphasizes internal conflicts, mostly unconscious theses conflicts usually pit sexual or aggressive instincts against EV obstacles to their expression |
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positive psychology
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focus on what goes right, what makes people happy
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operational definition
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descriptions of the exact operations or methods they will use in their research
*a description of how you will measure a variable ex. what defines a bad food choice? to make it easier to understand & evaluate hypotheses |
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4 Main goals in research
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Describe behavior & mental processes
Make predictions about them Demonstrate some control over them Explain how & why behavior & mental processes occur |
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Naturalistic observations
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The process of watching w/o interfering as behavior occurs in the natural EV
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Confounding variable
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any factor that might have affected the dependent variable along with or instead of the independent variable
3 types (random, participants' expectations, experimenter bias) |
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3 types of confounding variables
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Random: uncontrolled/uncontrollable factors
"Random assignment" Participants expectations *Placebo Experimenter bias *Double-blind design: researchers & participants don't know who has what |
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4 Common Study designs
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Naturalistic Observation
Case study Survey Experiment |
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Naturalistic observation
Features Strengths Pitfalls |
F: observe human/animal behavior in EV in which it typically occurs
S: provides descriptive data about behavior presumably uncontaminated by outside influences P: observer bias & participant self-consciousness can distort results |
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Case study
Features Strengths Pitfalls |
Features: intensive exam of the behavior & mental processes associated with a specific person or situation
S: provide detailed descriptive analysis of new, complex, or rare phenomenon Pitfalls: may not provide representative picture of phenomena |
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Survey
Features Strengths Pitfalls |
F: standard set of ?s asked of large # of participants
S: gather large amounts of descriptive data relatively quickly & inexpensively P: sampling errors, poorly phrased questions, & response biases Ways to improve: Counterbalancing Filler ?s |
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Experiment
Features Strengths Pitfalls |
F: manipulation of an independent variable & measurement of its effects on a dependent variable
S: can establish a cause = effect relationship between independent & dependent variables P: confounding variables may prevent valid conclusions |
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Reliability
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Will you get the same results if you do the experiment again?
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Validity
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Closeness to the truth
Hit the heart of the research aim |
