Terms For Ebio 101 Exam #3

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The study of fungi

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Mycology

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Organisms that feed on dead or decaying matter

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Saprobes

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A form of absorbing nutrients which involves secreting digestive enzymes outside of the organisms cell to engulf the host and absorb the food directly through their cell walls

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Extracellular Digestion

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Many small threads which intertwine to form the larger part of a fungi (Exception: Single celled fungi like yeast)

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Hyphae

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Body of the fungus formed by intertwining hyphae

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Mycelia

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The compound of which the fungal cell wall mostly consists

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Chitin

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A way to describe fungi with no cell walls or clear delineations between cells

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Multinucleate

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The process by which fungi can quickly transport nutrients to growing hyphae

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Cytoplasmic Streaming

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Compound that only fungi are able to break down, gives wood its stiffness

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Lignin

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symbiosis in which both partners benefit

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Mutualism

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commonly describes close and often long-term interactions between different biological species.

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Symbiosis

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Symbiotic relationship between fungus and green algae or cyanobacteria,cover about 8% of Earth's surface

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Lichens

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importance of lichens (3)

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cover about 8% of earth's surface, food for animals, ecological barometer

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Belong to Phylum Glomeromycota, grow around and inside the roots of most plants

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mycorrhizae

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importance of mycorrhizae

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may have helped plants make the transition to land because they could grow quickly through large volume of soil, locating scarce nutrients for early plants,

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Mycorrhizae growing on the inside of roots

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endomycorrhizae

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Mycorrhizae growing on the outside of roots

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ectomycorrhizae

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A body plan for fungi, having the form of a crust, as in the crust on a bread

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crustose

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a body plan for fungi, having a leaf like aspect

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foliose

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a body plan for fungi, similar to thin branches

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fruticose

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plant or fungal structure producing and containing spores, contains spores during diploid zygote stage of development

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Sporangia

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an organ or cell in which gametes are produced, in fungi the projections that grow from hyphae during conjugation

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Gametangia

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Method of sexual reproduction utilized by fungi,

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conjugation

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Steps of conjugation (6)

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1)Tip of reproductive hyphae with two nuclei forms a complete cross wall
2)Tip of hyphae now called an ascus
3)Nuclei fuse into diploid zygote
4)Zygote divides by meiosis to form four haploid spores (ascospores)
5) Each haploid spore undergoes mitosis
6) Total of eight haploid spores in each ascus

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"Male" and "female" of fungi, typically referred to as + or -

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Mating Strain

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haploid cells in a protective envelope that can develop directly into haploid adults, non-motile

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Spore

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Fungi with only one nucleus in each cell (yeast)

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monokaryotic

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Fungi with two nuclei in each cell (basidiomycetes and ascomycetes)

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dikaryotic

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large groups of long hyphae which form to help a fungi reproduce asexually

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conidiophore

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Hundreds of tiny haploid spores fragmented from conidiophores

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conidia

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two “orphan” phyla

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slime mold

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Feeding stage of slime molds, involves many nuclei inside a complex network of cytoplasm

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plasmodium

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Chemical signal sent out to slime mold telling it that food is running out and the cells must climb on top of each other, forming a slug-like body

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swarm cell

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Zoospores are affiliated with which phylum?

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Phylum Chytridiomycota (chytrids)

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Black wart disease is associated with this phylum

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Phylum Chytridiomycota

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Mycorrhizae phylum

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Phylum Glomeromycota

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Bread molds, Rhizopus, Sporangium, sporangiophore, zygospore--what phylum?

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Phylum Zygomycota

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type of hyphae present in the zygomycota which is runner like and spreads the mold

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stolon

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root like hyphae, anchors the mold present in zygomycota

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rhizoid

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stalk hyphae that holds the sporangium, present in Zygomycota

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sporangiophore

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tiny round ball full of spores, special type of hyphae for Zygomycota

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sporangium

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Reproductive structures of Zygomycota

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zygospore

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Phylum consisting of sac fungi, yeasts, morels, truffels, ergot (LSD), Penicillium, Aspergillus, Candida, athlete's foot, known for ascus, budding, asexual reproduction

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Phylum Ascomycota

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Reproductive sac that forms ascospores in Ascomycota

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ascus

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Body of Ascomycota

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ascocarp

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Phylum associated with lichens

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Phylum Ascomycota

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spore contained in an ascus or that was produced inside an ascus

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ascospores

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Form of yeast reproduction, involves producing tiny buds that break off and form new cells

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budding

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Importance of Ascomycota?

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Ergot-LSD, edible morels and truffles, important medicines, athlete's foot,

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club fungi - mushrooms, shelf fungi, puffballs, rusts, smuts, Coprinus

What phylum?

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Phylum Basidiomycota

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Club shaped reproductive structures of basidiomycota

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basidium (-ia)

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Fruiting body of Basidiomycota, sometimes simply referred to as a mushroom

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basidiocarp

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formed at end of basidia, reproductive vehicle of basidiomycota

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basidiospores

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Which Phylum is being described? Underside of fruiting body has gills, fairy rings, largest organism on Earth, best fungi at decomposing wood

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Phylum Basidiomycota

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on the underside of the mushroom, hold club shaped basidia

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mushroom gills

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covers all plants, keeps water in and out

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waxy cuticle

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a tiny opening or pore, found mostly on the underside of a plant leaf and used for gas exchange

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stomata

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roots holding you in place while the stiff tissues of the stem lift your body up into the air

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root-shoot system

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Stem stiffener

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lignin

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Toxic organic compounds produced by complex metabolic chemistry of plants

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secondary metabolites

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Plant byproducts (phenol and alkaloids)

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secondary compounds

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relied on by small plants to move materials in and out

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Diffusion

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Solution to size problem for plants, faster way to move materials in and out, involving xylem and phloem

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vascular system

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Drinking tubes for vascular plants

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tracheids

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Advanced xylem cells found mostly in angiosperms

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vessels

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Includes non seed and seed plants with vascular tissue

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tracheophytes

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Unique characteristic of plants in which Multicelluar haploid phase alternates with multicellular diploid phase, in other words gametes grow into fully functional organisms

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alternation of generations

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Produce gametes in a gametangium

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gametophyte

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Produce spores in the sporangium

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sporophyteP

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a tough biopolymer that prevents dessication and other hazards,outer layer that protects plant spores

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sporopollenin

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Male and female spores look similar

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Homosporous

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Male and female spores are easily distinguishable

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Heterosporous

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"spore leaves" organized into strobuli

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sporophyllis

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Higher level of organization for sporophyllis, pine cones

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strobilus

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Gametangium that produces sperm

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antheridium (-ia)

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Gametangium that produces eggs

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archegonium

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Related to Phylum Chlorophyta, these types of cells show specialization, division of labor, and communication

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colonial organisms

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What distinguishes colonial organisms? (3)

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1) Cell Specialization
2) Division of Labor
3) Communication of Cells

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form inside parent colonies in Chlorophyta, eventually expelled by the parent, forces parent to die and shows price of multicellularity is cell death

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daughter colonies

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green algae (Chara, Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, Volvox), What Phylum?

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Phylum Chlorophyta

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Volvox, parent and daughter colonies, uses Chlorophyll A and B, What phylum?

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Phylum Chlorophyta

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mosses (Mnium, Sphagnum What Phylum?

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Phylum Bryophyta

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liverworts (Marchantia, Porella)
What phylum?

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Phylum Hepaticophyta

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hornworts (Anthoceros)

What Phylum?

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Phylum Anthocerophyta

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No vascular tissue, includes mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, also lack true stems, roots, and leaves

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bryophytes

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plants are either male or female (dioecious), mosses, can reproduce sexually or asexually by fragmentation,Pioneer species on bare soil,ost abundant plant in polar ecosystems,Compressed into peat, used for fuel What phylum?

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Phylum Bryophyta

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Epidermal cells that act as roots to anchor bryophytes to the ground

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rhizoids

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A growth type of mosses that has erect stalks

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cushiony moss

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Flattened mats of moss, low-lying

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feathery moss

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In mosses, the part that tops the sporophyte stalk and hosts the meiosis process

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capsule

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Hinged lid on capsule of mosses keeping spores in

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operculum

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Tiny green threads spores germinate into in a moss after being released from the capsule

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protonema

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Tiny platelets that are actually vegatative clones, present in bryophytes as a means of asexual reproduction

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gemmae

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Made of Mosses, cover about 1% of Earth's surface,

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peat bog

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The theory that the creator has intentionally created plants to look like the parts of the body they could be used to cure

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Doctrine of Signatures

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Long, twisted, moist cells that surround haploid spores in liverworts, when capsule dries and bursts they spread the spores

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elaters

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special structure in which gemmae form, mostly associated with liverworts

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gemmae cup

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Elaters. What Phylum?

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Phylum Hepaticophyta

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plants with seeds and vascular tissue

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Tracheophytes

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In Phylum Pterophyta, A cluster of sporangia

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sorus (-i)

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In Phylum Pterophyta, Umbrella like structure protecting the sorus

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indusium

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In Phylum Pterophyta, tiny heart-shaped autotrophic gametophyte into which spores germinate

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prothallus

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Early stage of sporophyte growing out of the archegonia in ferns

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fiddlehead

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Phylum includes: club moss, quillworts (Lycopodium, Selaginella)

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Phylum Lycophyta

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Phylum including horsetails

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Phylum Sphenophyta

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Phylum including whisk ferns

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Phylum Psilophyta

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Phylum incorporating true ferns

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Phylum Pterophyta

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Phylum whose members are impregnated with grains of silica

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Phylum Sphenophyta

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Tracheophytes that develop from seeds rather than spores

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Gymnosperms

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Phylum including Ephedra, Gnetum, Welwitschia

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Phylum Gnetophyta

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Phylum including cycads (Cycas revoluta

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Phylum Cycadophyta

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Phylum including Ginkgo bilboa

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Phlum Ginkgophyta

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Phylum including conifers (pines, firs, spruces, bald cypress; Pinus)

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Phylum Coniferophyta

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Male Cone of the Gymnosperms

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staminate cones

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Female cone of the gymnosperms

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ovulate cones

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Megasporangium+ integument

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ovules

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Protective layer of cells guarding the megasporangium

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integument

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As Ovules develop into seeds, the integument develops into a ______

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seed coat

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female sporangia shaped into a strobilus in the gymnosperms

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seed cones

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are the male gametophytes in flowering plants

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Pollen grains

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Germinated form of pollen grain, will eventually extend all the way down the carpal to the micropyle

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Pollen tube

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Male cone shaped strobuli in the gymnosperms

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pollen cones

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Conifer's special water conducting cells

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tracheids

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occur in small bunches, each bundle comes from a base that is actually a truncated branch

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needles

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dioecious gymnosperms, popular ornamentally

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Cycads

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fleshy coated seeds, extremely odorous seeds, gymnosperm

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Ginkgo Biloba

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Phylum in which many plants have adapted to arid conditions, many species produce nectar, includes source of ephedrine

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Phylum Gnetophyta

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Tracheids, Lumber - furniture industry, housing, tools, sailing ships,Pitch, tars, resins, turpentine - used in warfare, perfumes, jewelry (amber), waterproofing ships, Christmas trees!! What Phylum?

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Phylum Coniferophyta

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Larger diameter version of xylem only found in angiosperms, used to conduct water

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vessels

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Reproductive structures formed from four sets of modified leaves

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Flowers

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Part of flower which protects the floral parts in the bud

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Sepal

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Part of flower which attracts pollinators

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Petals

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Anthers and filaments

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Stamen

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Site of Microsporangia

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anther

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Angiosperms version of modified leaves/sporophylls

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carpel

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the fusion of several carpels along the midrib of the modified leaves

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pistil

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Upper surface of female angiosperm

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stigma

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Long, slender neck of female angiosperm

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